High Court orders Internet Service Providers to block access to trademarks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1567 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Information Systems Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? CARTIER International AG v. British Sky Broad High Court orders Internet Service Providers to block access to trademark infringing websites Challenging Internet Service Providers In October 2014, the High Court ordered an internet service provider (ISP) to block access to websites marketing and selling trademark infringing counterfeit goods, even though there is no direct provision authorizing the court power to make this order.[1] Ultimately, this shows an increase in willingness to grant injunctions against ISPs that provide services which infringe on trademark, and other intellectual property rights (IPRs). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "High Court orders Internet Service Providers to block access to trademarks" essay for you Create order Blocking Injunctions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Cartier v. Sky In Cartier International v. British Sky, claimants owned a significant number or British registered trademarks, including Cartier.[2] Claimants sought court orders requiring the ISPs to block access to six websites that infringed on its trademarks by advertising and selling counterfeit goods through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"target websitesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This decision was highly anticipated as prior to its holding there was no specific provision under United Kingdom (UK) law which affords trademark holders the right to seek and obtain an injunction against an ISP that had actual knowledge of another person using their Services to infringe their rights. Therefore, at issue is whether the Claimant can successfully order ISPs to block access to websites, which allegedly infringe on claimants trademark rights. Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Does the Court have jurisdiction to make an order of the kind sought?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Before hearing the merits of the case, Mr. Justice Arnold of the High Court easily identified a jurisdictional base to do so. The court based its reasoning on two other analogous cases, both afforded the Court the jurisdiction to issue website blocking injunction of the kind the Claimant sought.[3] Regardless of the consistent case law precedent, the Court found that jurisdiction is met via s31(1) of the Senior Courts Act 1981. This allowed the court to grant blocking injunctions as the court finds convenient to do so.[4] Thus, the jurisdictional element was met. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Since the Court has jurisdiction, what are the threshold conditions that must be met to issue an order?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Having found a jurisdictional basis to hear the case, the Courts analysis turned to whether the conditions are met to issue a blocking order in this dispute. Mr. Justice Arnold continued the legal analysis by establishing the four criteria to grant an injunction: (i) ISPs must be intermediaries,[5] (ii) either the users and/or the operators of the website must be infringing the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademark, (iii) the user and/or operators of the website must use the ISP services to infringe the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademark, and (iv) the ISPs must have actual knowledge of this.[6] The last element is where the court struggled most. Ultimately, Mr. Justice Arnold found that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if ISPs cold be required to block websites without having actual knowledge of infringing that would be tantamount to a general obligation to monitor.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7] Most basically, here, the court is saying that if ISPs were required to block content without having actual knowl edge of infringement, this would require more of a watch dog function than is necessary, which is inconsistent with Article 15 of the E-Commerce Directive.[8] Furthermore, Mr. Justice Arnold found this requirement to be inconsistent with the Enforcement Directive because it does not provide measures, procedures and remedies necessary to enforce the Trademark IPR. Hence, ISPs are not required to constantly monitor the content of their services for alleged infringement, therefore, what constitutes actual knowledge of infringing content on behalf of the ISPs? In looking to what constitutes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"actual knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in this case, Mr. Justice Arnold interpreted this element in the same manner in which it was interpreted in a previous case, 20C Fox v. BT.[9] In this case the Court found that this requirement does not mean the ISP had actual knowledge of each individual infringement before an injunction can be sought. The ISPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge that per sons were using its services to infringe a trade mark is sufficient while proof of actual knowledge of a specific infringement is not. Meaning, the definition of actual knowledge here is broad encompassing not knowledge of specific instances of infringement but rather only requiring general knowledge of infringement to satisfy this determinative element. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Are those condition satisfied in the present and what principles are applied in deciding whether to issue the order?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ultimately, Mr. Justice Arnold concluded that all four criteria to grant an injunction were met. Therefore, with those conditions satisfied, Mr. Justice Arnold assessed whether granting the order would be propitiate and just. In deciding this, Mr. Justice Arnold, in particular, looked at certain generally accepted principles, including: that the trademark rights holder had a legitimate interest in preventing infringement, if there is no less intrusive measure available, the trademark owner was not required to show that blocking measures would lead to a reduction in the overall level of infringement of the trademarks, the cost of implementing the order was roughly similar to other intellectual property (IP) disciplines,[10] and the blocking should be targeted so that lawful internet users are not adversely affected. These principles are determinative as to whether a blocking injunction is appropriate in this case. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Should such order be made in the present case?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In applying those principles, Mr. Justice Arnold found that such an order should be made in the present case. The Court granted the order for a blocking injunction, finding the likely costs burden on the ISPs to implement the blocking injunction was justified and propionate. Lastly, to safeguard against abuse, the court found that these orders must be limited in duration and freely modifiable by the court. Nokia and Philipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application to other IPRs Looking forward blocking injunctions could serve a wider range of IP rights. Namely, as Mr. Justice Arnold articulated, the Courts jurisdiction derived from s.31 (a) of the Senior Courts Act 1981; therefore, there is no reason why blocking injunctions should not be extended to other IPRs, such as registered designs and passing off. Because the Senior Courts Act encompasses the procedural ability to issue injunctions and is not concerned with which substantive IP laws fall under this equitable remedy ISP blocking injunctions will likely encompass more IP rights in the future. In fact, several weeks after the blocking injunctions were issued here, Claimants found evidence that other websites offered counterfeit goods for sale. Claimants then returned to the court with applications for orders to block those sites, and Mr. Justice Arnold issued those orders. Looking Forward Mr. Justice Arnold found that issuing the blocking orders sought in this case were propitiated and fairly balanced between the applicable principles analysed here. After the conclusion of this case, ISPs in the UK should anticipate being required, at their own cost, to block user access to infringing content. It is unlikely, that the costs and difficulties associated with obtaining enforcement orders for blocking infringing websites will cause a wide spread decrease in counterfeiting. However, this will nonetheless add an invaluable tool to the rights holder arsenal for combating trademark infringement online. Bibliography Table of Cases 20c Fox and others v. British Telecommunications plc [2011] EWHC 1981 (ch), pp. 114-157. Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Et al. C 11-1846 [2012], and Fourie v. Le Roux Ors Rev 1 [2007] UKHL 1 (24 January 2007). Cartier International AG ORs v. British Sky Broadcasting LTX Ors [2014] EWHC 3354 (CH) (17 October 2014). Table of Legislation Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988, s97, 1988 c. 48. Directive 2000/31/EC [2000] OJ L 178/17, Art 15(1). Directive 2004/48/EC [2013] OJ L195/16, Art. 11 . Senior Courts Act of 1981, s31(1),. Secondary Sources Grace Pead, Mounting blocks: Internet service providers ordered to block 21 infringing copyright infringing music sharing websites. (JIPLP , Feb, 2015), available at: https://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/02/23/jiplp.jpv022.full.pdf+html [1] See Grace Pead, Mounting blocks: Internet service providers ordered to block 21 infringing copyright infringing music sharing websites. (JIPLP , Feb, 2015), available at: https://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/02/23/jiplp.jpv022.full.pdf+html [2] Cartier International AG ORs v. British Sky Broadcasting LTX Ors [2014] EWHC 3354 (CH) (17 October 2014). [3] See Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Et al. C 11-1846 [2012], and Fourie v. Le Roux Ors Rev 1 [2007] UKHL 1 (24 January 2007). [4] Senior Courts Act of 1981, s31(1), (stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the High Court may be ordered to grant an injunctionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in all cases in which appears to the court to be just so convenient to do soà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). [5] See Directive 2004/48/EC [2013] OJ L195/16, Art. 11 (To determine if the ISP is an intermediary, the court looked at the third sentence of Article 11 of the Enforcement Directive: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Member States shall also ensure that r ight holders are in a position to apply for an injunction against intermediaries whose services are used by a third party to infringe an IP right, without prejudice to Article 8(3) of the [InfoSoc] Directiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). [6] Id. at n. 2 [7] See Cartier (Judge stating that the fourth condition is not contained in Article 11, but in my view it follows from Article 15 of the E-Commerce Directive and by analogy with Articles 13 (1) (e) and 14 (1) (a) of the E-Commerce Directive. If ISPs could be required to block websites without having actual knowledge of infringing activity that would be tantamount to a general obligation to monitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). [8] Directive 2000/31/EC [2000] OJ L 178/17, Art 15(1), (Directive on Electronic Commerce (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Member States shall not impose a general obligation on providers, when providing the servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to monitor the information which they transmit or store, not a general obligation actively to seek facts or circu mstances indicating illegal activity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) [9] See 20c Fox and others v. British Telecommunications plc [2011] EWHC 1981 (ch), pp. 114-157. [10] Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988, s97, 1988 c. 48.

Teamwork Reflection Questions On Team Development - 760 Words

Teamwork Reflection Questions Every group can become a team if its members are committed to a common purpose, set specific performance goals and hold themselves mutually accountably for the team’s performance which can increase the chance of success of a project. I have had only one positive experience in teams; it was in my middle school math project where we were put into groups of 5. We could fully depend on each other. Although we didn’t know much about each other’s personal lives, we understood each other and were flexible at times. No situation was forced on the team by a group member. This is when I noticed if the team members respect and honor each other while being dedication to the project, it would be completed in time and everyone would learn something as a result. In this team, we experienced all 5 of the stages of team development: forming, storming, norming , performing and adjourning (cite). We all wanted the full grade so we motivated each other and kept track of everyoneâ₠¬â„¢s development. In contrast, my group in high school which had been segmented into groups of 8 that had to produce a business plan was not successful. In the first meeting, my group discussed the overall idea and what we were aiming for. We decided to be a laundry outlet named â€Å"Saafa†.Then, each individual chose a different aspect of the business to research on. We divided the work according to interest and ability. Surprisingly, we didn’t encounter conflict in choosing the department whichShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Reflection1482 Words   |  6 Pages1 Introduction on Importance of Reflection Reflection is considered to be a process that can be developed to support continuous learning as well as personal and professional development. This can include the process of reflective writing as a means of capturing the thought and experiences (Ghaye,1998). A significant relationship is found between reflective writing and academic learning, as one can identify the need for self-development, critical review, awareness of individual functions and decisionsRead MoreUsefulness Of The Statement Of Work Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesstatement of work (SOW) and a development plan (DP). The SOW can devise a plan for this client with possible interventions, plans and pre-work, task, and innovative ideas to better her current situation. The SOW is a detailed description of activities that are conducted under a contract (Business Dictionary.com, 2016). She may consider implementation of change in various departments. However, the bottom-line for this client seems to be that she wants her e mployees to work as a team without harsh feelingsRead MoreFactors That Affect Team Cooperation At The Team Level1479 Words   |  6 Pagesthe team has its advantages, but the reality of teamwork there will still be a lot of problems that hinder the efficiency of teamwork and make the team cannot produce the desired high performance. This reflection is the analyses and experiences of teamwork in the process about group presentation. It puts forward many factors which affect team cooperation at the team level, including the team characteristics and the impacts of cohesiveness, norming and the conflict in different stages of team developmentRead MoreReflective Account Of Inter Professional Education1551 Words   |  7 PagesIPE Reflective Account Introduction It has been said that â€Å"effective teamwork and communication in healthcare helps the functioning of the team itself, however, for a patient it is pivotal, and in some cases can be the difference between life and death† (Knox Simpson, 2004; Mickan, 2005). Inter-professional Education – IPE- can be defined as â€Å"occasions when two or more professions learn from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care† (CAIPE, 1997 revised). ThereforeRead MoreA Research On Interprofessional Collaboration Is Defined As Students From Multiple Health Professions Learning Together1611 Words   |  7 Pagesrequired practice. Traditionally, professional roles may conflict with the philosophy required in team-based health care, each provider acting as an island. Interprofessional education aims to address this problem. Literature ,2 has shown that undergraduate education aimed at: (i) reducing prejudices between professions; (ii) increasing knowledge of professional roles and duties; and (iii) improving teamwork and collaboration skills, prepares neonate professionals to embrace interprofessional collaborationRead MoreTaking a Look at Shared Leadership1525 Words   |  6 PagesThe greatest opportunity for successful teams is when administration encourages collaborative work, team objectives are clearly defined, norms of behavior are established, and all team members have the skills and resources needed to accomplish their assigned tasks. I work in a private school setting where the current leadership is a great supporter of teamwork and collaboration and has established many different types of teams. Unfortunately, many of the teams are formed haphazardly without any thoughtRead MoreHealth And Health Development Of The Health Sector Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pageshistory is taken, weight chec k is done, height is measured and evaluation with the appropriate nutritional states as regards the age of the individual. (IV) USEFULNESS OF NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT IN CURRENT WORLD - Development of societies. - Key objective of progress in human development. - For good health and good nutritional status of the population. - To combat mild to serious learning disabilities which may result from malnourished child. CONCEPT 6: PLANNING IN NURSING Planning means lookingRead MoreBenefits Of Multi Method And Longitudinal Methods1542 Words   |  7 Pagesthese shortcomings are acceptable and future research could improve on these limitations. 5.5 Implications There are both implications for future study and practice. The findings of this study provide some insights of emergent leadership in study teams and leadership in higher education settings. There are four directions that future could focus based on present findings in this study. Firstly, based on the design of this study, it could be found that students have their schema about leadership andRead MoreReflection Is The Examination Of Personal Thoughts And Actions Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesReflection is the examination of personal thoughts and actions. For practitioners especially nurses, it means focusing on how they interact with their peers and with the environment to obtain a clearer picture of their own behavior. Kanuka (2002) writes that reflection is an essential component of understanding complex problems, issues, and concepts. Albeit meanings, patterns, and purpose become clear. Elder, Evans and Nizette (2009) say that allowing self-reflection to guide our nursing practiceRead MoreUnderstanding Organization And Management : Leadership And Teamwork1460 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding Organisation and Management Leadership and teamwork INTRODUCTION During the three seminars we have been through, we observed and studied the way groups interact, evolve and how they deal with leadership. Indeed, despite the fact that leadership and teamwork have different benefits and purposes, they are strongly connected in some domains including business. Generally, groups share a communication network and a sense of collective identity and goals. The larger the group, the greater

Reflective Writing for Journal of Research - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theReflective Writingfor Journal of Production Research. Answer: Evaluate the effectiveness and your usefulness of the learning experience Proceeding with the assignment was a standard experience for me. I was able to attain better knowledge regarding the persisting condition in any business environment due to the application of outsourcing. While the outsourcing consists of its set of advantages and disadvantages, earlier, I had only a brief comprehension regarding the same. However, by the end of the course, the underlying aspects relating to the selected topic was better understood by me, which can be helpful in future as well. Explain how this learning process will be useful to you in The attained learning experience can be helpful for me in the future. It can be said that with the attained theoretical knowledge, it will be easier for me in the future to ensure that the practical application is done in a proper manner. For instance, if the organization I am employed at or associated with will plan on undertaking outsourcing; it will be easier for me to draft a strategy taking into consideration the conclusive outcomes. Thus, by identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the process, appropriate measures can be taken that would help the organization to attain the best outcomes from the process (Schniederjans et al. 2015). Individually, better analytical skills have been attained by me by differentiating the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. Thus, it can be said that the practical application of theoretical Describe objectively what happened in the learning process Initially, I had only a brief knowledge regarding the concept of outsourcing. However, during the learning process, the in-depth knowledge regarding the same has been acquired by me. While earlier I was more acquainted with the advantages of the process which included better assistance, reduction in the cost, focus on the most important business operations, increased efficiency and so on; not much was known to me regarding the disadvantages that are associated with the process (Uluskan et al. 2016). On the basis of the learning experience, it was appropriately understood that there are hidden disadvantages of the process as well. Issues like sharing the confidential organizational data, problems in the management of activities, scheduling the functioning of the organization (Dolgui and Proth, 2013). Compromising with the quality of the work also tag along with the process. Thus, it can be said that the learning procedure explained the intricate details relating to the mentioned proce ss and the underlying consequences of the same. Evaluate what you learn On the basis of the research, it was easier for me to understand the persisting conditions. It gave me the opportunity to gain better knowledge regarding the selected topic. With the help of the research, evidence based studies were further evaluated by me which was helpful in comprehending how the process works. It n order to survive in a proper manner in any business environment; it is important that a standard strategic approach is being maintained. With the help of the business research it has become much easier for me to identify the factors which may have an impact on the organizations in any business environment. On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the ability to draw strategic plan for not only individual growth but also for the organizational productivity in the most efficient manner was learnt by me. Thus, the scope of taking up entrepreneurship and establishing strong foot in the corporate market has become higher in my case with the acquired knowledge regarding the op erations associated with the business environment (Willcocks and Cullen, 2013). Thus, with better understanding of the characteristics of the business with help of appropriate research, it will be helpful in ensuring that the future perspectives relating to the business studies are further explored and concrete conclusions are drafted for future implications. Explain your learning process The mentioned topic was selected by me since the rises of the outsourcing as a business process have been immense. While the nature of the business market is ever changing, it is important to stay updated with the trends relating with it. In order to function and survive systematically in the business sphere, it is important that the twists and bends are properly understood and detailed learning is one of the potential tools that can provide any individual a scope to enhance their abilities considerably. Being one of the most utilized techniques for reduction of cost, the outsourcing is applied by many small and large scale industries alike. While doing an elaborate research on the same, it was recognized by me how the function is connected with the other business procedures and its impact on the same. The operation management of a firm can be done in a better manner with the help of detailed knowledge relating to the functions like the mentioned topic. On the completion of the study, I felt that I was able to manage my personal skills as well. During the study, I learnt to manage time and available resources to bring out the best outcomes for the study. Apart from time and resource management, the capabilities of analysis and observation have also been enhanced in me. The research has also made me learn further the steps and requirements that are needed to conduct a standard study. The sequence which is needed to be followed to complete any specific research was understood in details by me. Explain Plan how this learning you will applied The acquired knowledge from the study can be helpful for me in my future endeavors. A more planned and structured approach can be taken by me to ensure that the chances of errors and faults are identified in prior and appropriate steps are taken to address the same. While the detailed knowledge can be utilized practically in any business environment; it can also be said that with the help of appropriate knowledge, considerable steps can be taken for the elimination of the same (Betz and Tidona, 2015). Furthermore, it can also be maintained that on the basis of the study which have been done, a more in-depth analysis can be done that would be helpful in ensuring that better results are attained that explains the business environment in a proper manner. The scope of future research in regards with the mentioned topic is persistent. It can be determined how the outsourcing in business environment can be utilized as a sustainable tool to generate standard business productivity. Reference List: Betz, U.A. and Tidona, C.A., 2015. Outcubation [mdash] where incubation meets outsourcing.Nature biotechnology,33(1), pp.20-21. Dolgui, A. and Proth, J.M., 2013. Outsourcing: definitions and analysis.International Journal of Production Research,51(23-24), pp.6769-6777. Schniederjans, M.J., Schniederjans, A.M. and Schniederjans, D.G., 2015.Outsourcing and insourcing in an international context. Routledge. Uluskan, M., Joines, J.A. and Godfrey, A.B., 2016. Comprehensive insight into supplier quality and the impact of quality strategies of suppliers on outsourcing decisions.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,21(1), pp.92-102. Willcocks, L. and Cullen, S., 2013.Intelligent IT outsourcing. Routledge.

The NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct

Table of Contents Introduction Ideals, Principles and Responsibilities Challenges Policies and procedures Conclusion References Introduction The simplest definition of Ethics is doing something that is right. A certified code that defines what is right for providers of childcare is a tool that helps to instill responsibility in respect to how children, adults, and the society relate to one another and how they ought to live together. Early childhood educationalists have a given code of ethics that defines principles for acceptable behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This forms a universal foundation for working out dilemmas as far as ethics in early childhood development is concerned (Decker, Decker, Freeman Knopf, 2009). The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Governing body updated and revised the given set of guidelines and later on, the Association for Childhood education International (ACEI) approved them. Ideals, Principles and Responsibilities Ideals are the utmost objectives that guide an individual. Principles explain what the individual should or should not do in order to achieve these objectives. Responsibility on the other hand is an individual’s obligation to perform a task. In the book of NAEYC code of ethical conduct, there is no direct link between a specific problem and the principles contained. It just includes what is required of the educator hence acts as a guide to solving any problem that may arise in taking care of children at an early stage. There are four main sections in the NAEYC code of conduct manual. These are preamble, the core values, conceptual framework and a statement of commitment. A special kind of numbering distinguishes the various codes of ethics with reference to the groups of individuals they address e.g. P-1.1(Decker, Decker, Freeman Kno pf, 2009). These groups are Children, Families, Co-workers, and the Society. Challenges A principle that is challenging to programs is P-1.2 which states thus; we will not engage ourselves in activities that look down on children by either denying them their rights or favoring a specific group based on gender, parent’s financial status or spiritual belief. This principle ceases to be effective where there are laws that allow certain programs to give services to a specific group of children. As an educator, I find principle P-2.9 to be quite challenging; we will respect the privacy and uphold confidentiality of the child’s family life. Any information relating to the child and the family will remain a secret. This information shall however be released if concerns about the child’s well being arise and will be given to individuals with the child’s interest at heart.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This principle is not solid enough to cater for a child’s privacy as it has a loophole, which is not well defined. One can easily release crucial information about the child with the pretext that the child’s interest is the key factor. Policies and procedures The ethical code of conduct has emphasized on the importance of policies and procedures. Policy 2.3 and 2.8 both shed light on the importance of policies in early childhood care. P-2.3- Notification of families of the children regarding policies is crucial and they shall be included in decision making regarding policies. P-2.8- We will come up with documented policies that protect children and the secrets of their families. Policy 2.3 Put emphases on the necessity to involve families in making decisions regarding policies as seem necessary. Policy 2.8 on the other hand affirms that written policies regarding a child’s confidentiality are in place to protect records of the child from exposure (New Crochran, 2007). Under the ethical responsibilities to children code, we are assured that community procedures and laws put by state shall be adhered to in order to familiarize with symptoms of child abuse and neglect t(P-1.5) Employees are not left out either. P-3C.2 states that staff members are to work in conditions that will ensure maximum achievement of goals and responsibilities (Decker, Decker, Freeman Knopf, 2009). Conclusion Ethics is the act of an individual behaving in a responsible manner. The NAEYC Code of ethical conduct is an important instrument used by childhood educators and providers to come up with solutions to problems that arise in the care of children. This code of ethics aids an educator to comprehend their responsibilities to the children under their care. It is hence of great importance that the early child hood educator be familiar with the various codes of conduct as these will aid in solving dilemmas regarding ethics. Refer ences Decker, A,C, Decker, R.D, Knopf, H Freeman, N.K. Planning and Administering Early Childhood Programs (9th Edition) Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc, 2009. New, R.S Crochran, M. Early Childhood Education: O-Z. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct was written and submitted by user Jalen J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Tale of Two Cities Essays

A Tale of Two Cities Essays A Tale of Two Cities Paper A Tale of Two Cities Paper Essay Topic: Literature Tale Of Two Cities John Fitzgerald Kennedy said that The courage of life is often less dramatic than the courage of a final moment; but it is no less a magnificent mixture of triumph and tragedy. This quote can be interpreted to mean that when it all comes down to the end, courage might seem more significant than the courage of normal everyday life, but really they are both as significant as each other. I do agree with this quote because all forms of courage deserve the same recognition as each other. One work of literature that I feel support this quote are A Tale of Two Cities, a novel by Charles Dickens this work is a prime examples of literature that support this quote. Through the use of characterization Charles Dickens proves this quote. The character Sydney Carton is a man who appears to be not much. He is always drunk and unkept in his appearance. His character appears to be useless to any of the other characters in the story, but he really turns out to be one of the main essential characters in the novel. When Charles Darnay stands trial for being accused of being a spy who is giving English information to the French, Sydney saves Darnay by showing how much they both look alike and thereby making all other evidence admitted obsolete. This is a small everyday act of courage that Sydney commits and shows that he really is a good natured and smart person. When Darnay is held captive and sentenced to die at the guillotine, Sydney commits the greatest act of courage. He decides to save Darnay by trading places with him. He is able to carry out this plan because of how closely he resembles Darnay. Darnay does this because he has a great love for Darnay and his family, especially for Lucie Manette, Darnays wife. This act of courage though, unfortunately costs Sydney his life. Even so, he dies with grace and dignity because he realizes what a great sacrifice he is making for others. Another was that Charles Dickens proves this quote is through the theme that love has the power to comfort, heal, and redeem. Lucie Manette is the character who emulates this theme the most in the novel. She is a constant reminder that love can heal and rejuvenate. When she meets her father, Doctor Manette, she immediately tries to care for him and become close to him again. Her father soon becomes well again and does not yearn so much for his shoe makers bench, which used to give him comfort while he was imprisoned. She gives her father the courage to be recalled to life. Also she is seen as the golden thread that weaves everyone together, giving everyone courage to live through their triumphs and tragedies. Lucie not only rejuvenates her father but also shows Sydney Carton the road to a better life. After meeting with Lucie, Sydney becomes a changed man who is no longer the drunken fool that everyone thinks he is. He actually starts to care about his life and all the people that he shares it with. John Fitzgerald Kennedy said that the courage people exhibit in normal everyday life is often considered to be less significant than acts of courage that are done in the heat of the moment, but actually have the same significance. A Tale of Two Cities, a novel by Charles Dickens agrees with this quote through the use of characterization and theme. This novel has a wonderful variety of characters that make this quote a truthful statement.

The 10 Most Bizarre Easter Traditions

The 10 Most Bizarre Easter Traditions Whips, water, and fire – not exactly the things you might think of when you think of Easter traditions. In a few days, the U.S. will be filled with children dyeing eggs, eating chocolate bunnies, and making trails out of jellybeans. Still, Easter is one of the few holidays that is celebrated worldwide. Because of this, there are some very unique ways of celebrating Easter that may shock you. 1. Knock-knock, Who’s There? Louisiana Egg Knocking Even though it’s a part of the U.S., parts of Louisiana are more foreign that countries outside of our borders. In some of the deepest parts of the bayou, Easter celebrations begin with an egg-knocking ceremony. Teams of competitors tie their eggs with strings and knock them together. The person whose egg cracks first loses, and the game is played until there is an â€Å"Egg King.† 2. Go Fly A Kite In Bermuda, the weeks leading up to Easter are marked by building kites which are only flown on Easter Day. These kites are made of anything that local kite-makers can find, from crates to ties and old clothing. One of the most important elements of the Bermuda Easter kites is the â€Å"hummer,† which makes a loud buzzing sound when the kite is in flight. 3. Whips and Water? In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, whipping and water are just normal parts of the Easter festivities. On the Monday after Easter, men craft colorful whips from Willow branches and give the women in their lives playful lashes. The whipping is supposed to keep women beautiful and fertile for another year, and also acts as a flirtation device. But, the women aren’t without recourse. The next day, they retaliate by throwing water on the heads of their attackers. 4. A Fair Egg Exchange In places where Hungarian is spoken (Translyvania, Southern Slovakia, and parts of Serbia), there is also a tradition of pouring water. In these countries, the day after Easter is called â€Å"Watering Monday.† Men will traditionally visit families with women and girls and sprinkle them with perfume in exchange for the Easter eggs. 5. Trick or Easter In Finland and Sweden, the one tradition most Americans think of as Halloween-ish are celebrated at Easter. Children in these countries often carry pussy willows on Palm Sunday instead of palms. Then, the day after Easter, they decorate the pussy willows in colorful paint and knock on doors. The community gives children candy in exchange for the beautiful decorations. 6. Light it Up In a number of countries, Easter is celebrated by huge bonfires. Often, children (especially teenage boys) run through town gathering any scrapwood that they can find. These fires act as a competition, with the boy who has the largest fire as the winner. In Italy, the Scoppio del carro lights a fire from shards from the Holy Sepulchre which in turn sets off a huge fireworks display. 7. Rollin’, Rollin’, Rollin’ In England, Ireland, and Scotland, children participate in egg rolling as a part of their Easter fun. The goal is to roll an egg the farthest which makes the owner of the egg the Easter victor. There is also a superstition that eggs that don’t make it down the hill intact must be crushed completely, or the egg may be used by witches to do evil magic. 8. Pace Egg Plays Although this particular tradition fell out of style for a while, in recent years the Pace Egg Plays have become a fun part of Easter for many English, Irish, and Scots. These plays date back to the Crusades and revolve around the fictitious antics of St. George and a troublemaker named Old Tosspot. Watchers are encouraged to give Easter eggs to the two characters in exchange to see their traveling show. 9. A Man-Made Holiday In Russia, men aren’t allowed to cook, clean, or otherwise work on Easter. In fact, there is a tradition that says men shouldn’t even be allowed in the kitchen at all. If a man does, it’s said that his beard and moustache will immediately turn grey and he will age before his time. 10. Egg-Zellent In Bessieres, France, there is a tradition of feeding the whole town with a single omelet. According to legend, Napoleon stopped in the little village one night and ordered and omelet. He was so pleased with his meal that he asked all the villagers to bring their eggs so that the chef could create a meal for the whole town. Now, the feast is made from 15,000 eggs and 25,000 kilos of oil each year. Easter doesnt seem so boring now, right? This year you can try something new, celebrating Easter abroad or at least trying the weird Easter traditions with your friends in US. Have the Happy Easter, and tell us your stories!

WOMANS SUFFRAGE MOVMENT Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WOMANS SUFFRAGE MOVMENT - Annotated Bibliography Example t ran a historical analysis of this occurrence and allowed for a biopic into how women’s suffrage has impacted the United States and the world since that time. Although it is clear that the United States was not the first system to allow women’s suffrage, the article argues for the fact that its global position of power and dominance helped to spread this practice and acceptance faster than it would otherwise have been spread. Similar to the 100th anniversary discussion that was engaged, the 75 anniversary piece was included due to the fact that it helps to detail the differential in understanding women’s suffrage that has taken place within the past 25 years. Through such a unit of analysis, the reader is able to appreciate the evolutionary process by which an understanding of the suffrage movement has changed and shifted within the recent past. Fraser, Steve, and Joshua B. Freeman. "IN THE REARVIEW MIRROR: The Counter-Revolution Against "Mobocracy."  New Labor Forum (Murphy Institute)  21.2 (2012): 105-108.Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. This article references the main argument that many men of the era made against allowing women the right to vote; namely the belief that allowing women to vote would result in a type of â€Å"mob rule†. Naturally, by deconstructing this argument and showing how this ultimately did not come to pass, the author is able to shed additional light on the way in which antagonism towards women voting was evidenced during the turn of the century. This particular article discusses the fact that the United States was unique in the fact that it gave certain minorities the right to vote prior to women. In discussing the topic in such a way, the reader is made aware of the obvious levels and overtones of sexism that existed within the United States and caused the women’s suffrage movement to be delayed as long as it

Employee Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee Development - Essay Example As a result, employee development policy is necessary to ensure that employees are highly skilled and benefit to the organisation. According to the University of California, Los Angeles' Campus Human Resources, Training and Development, employee development policies for un-represented employees provide access to training and personal development programmes, and reduce fees for university classes to employees who are admitted to the university. The purpose of employee development policy for the University of North Carolina at Greensboro is to develop and train employees through university-sponsored workshops, lectures, symposia, educational assistance and tuition waiver programmes, and the general equivalency diploma programme. The opportunity for professional and personal growth of employees allows the university to satisfy its general education mission. With the responsibility to provide programmes, the Department Human Resource Services (HRS) supports and improves the knowledge, skills and abilities needed for employees to perform assigned functions. HRS educates employees regarding university policies; encourage personal growth; and helps the university comply with state and federal laws. Programmes are available to any individual in any capacity employed by the university in a permanent position, which includes full-time, part-time, probationary and trainee employees. Other types of employee development policy include providing skills for employees, not through training but through growth in the job and increased responsibility; performance management systems with a combination of appraisal reviews and target-setting, performance feedback and merit pay; increasing personal discretion in tasks and empowering employees to make decisions that affect daily work. With the increasing number of part-time and temporary employees, it would be in the best interest of the organisation if skills were developed in the same way as full-time employees. Data from the Employment in Britain survey, performed in 1993 by the Policy Studies Institute indicate that part-time employees are less likely than full-time employees to rate themselves above average on output or quality. This is also true for temporary employees and fixed-term contract employees. Part-time employees have less access to development and temporary employees as well are not included in continuing development. Contract employees are much better integrated into continuing development systems because they receive higher pay for their services. However, for improvement, continuous development practices by personnel and human resource (HR) specialists are imperative. The Fife Council has committed to a competent and fully trained workforce and to a programme of development, which benefits employees and the organisation. The purpose of their employee development policy helps to ensuring that the vision outlined in the Council's Aims and Values is make possible for all employees. The Council supports and encourages appropriate personal development and needs of the individual and the organisation. Other principles of their employee development policy seek to ensure equality of opportunity and access for employees to in-house and external development and

Innocence and Experience Essay Example for Free

Innocence and Experience Essay In Encarta Dictionary the meanings of the word ‘innocence’ are absence of being guilty of crime or offence, freedom from sin, lack of worldly experience The meanings of ‘experience’ are knowledge and skills and the sum total of things that have happened to a person and of his or her past thoughts and feelings. This essay states that innocence and experience are two states of human being. At some point of time, the child in us makes the journey from innocence to experience. We lose innocence by gaining experience through knowledge and real life incidents. The experience we gain is inevitable, whether good or bad. This is explained through two literary works: Thomas Hardy’s novel ‘Tess of the d’Urbervilles’ and Blake’s two poems,’ The Lamb’ and ‘The Tyger’. In ‘Tess of d’Urbervilles’, the innocent girl Tess gains experience by losing her virginity. By killing Alec D’Urbervilles, her seducer, she loses her innocence completely and gains the experience of a criminal. She pays the price of experience by her death. Hardy’s inclusion of elements of ‘coincident’ and ‘fate’ and ‘destiny’ shows the inevitability of such experiences and the resulting tragedy in the novel. Blake in his poem ‘The Lamb’ the meek and mild lamb is the symbol of innocence and Tyger in his poem’ The Tyger’ is the symbol of experience. Through these poems Blake wants to convey that innocence and experience are â€Å"two contrary states of human soul† with respect to creation. In ‘Tess of the d’Urbervilles’, Tess is an innocent country girl who is unaware of the evils of society. Her parents as well do not advise her about the danger in men-folks so she is easily seduced by Alec. Hardy writes: â€Å"Why it is that upon this beautiful feminine tissue, sensitive as a gossamer and practically blank as a snow as yet, there should have been traced such a coarse pattern as it was doomed to receive†. Again, after her loss of virginity, she gains experience and matures as a woman, her beauty is enhanced. Angel notice her and they fall in love with each other. She enjoys happiness and bliss for the time being. His love for Tess is abstract, as he calls her â€Å"Daughter of Nature† or â€Å"Demeter. † Tess is more an archetype or ideal to him than a flesh and blood woman with a complicated life. Therefore he cannot accept that Tess is not chaste, as a result he abandon hers. He realizes his mistake too late. She takes the aid of Alec after misfortune befell her family. She loses her innocence completely when she commits the crime of murdering Alec and as a result she is hanged. Hardy’s writing style of using elaborate descriptions, long sentences, elements of coincidence, fate and destiny shows Tess’ inevitable journey from innocence to experience and the resultant doom. In Blake’s poem ‘The Lamb’, Lamb symbolizes Jesus and the child is also associated with Jesus. So the lamb and child in Jesus symbolizes innocence. In The Lamb the style of repetition in the first and last couplet of each stanza helps to give the poem its song-like quality. The flowing ls and soft vowel sounds add to this effect, and also imply the bleating of a lamb or the lisping character of a childs song. In Blake’s poem ‘The Tyger’, Tyger is the symbol of experience. It is strikingly beautiful at the same time undeniable because of the underlying evil and violence. To describe the Tyger, Blake uses the imagery of ‘fire’, which is destructive at the same time illuminating. The ‘Tyger’ presents evil in society, something that cannot be denied. The style of regular and rhythmic meter of the quatrains; its hammering beat suggests the work of the creator, which is the poems central image. Blake believed that a person has to pass through a state of innocence, the Lamb as well as understand the contrasting conditions of experience, Tyger, to reach a higher level of consciousness. Blake’s vision of a creative force in the universe which makes a balance of innocence and experience is at the heart of the poem. The two literary works Hardy’s ‘Tess of d’Urbervilles’ and Blake’ ‘The Lamb’ and ‘The Tyger’ show that Innocence and Experience, both exist in human life and society and experience is an essential part of human existence whether good or bad. Work Citation: â€Å"The Tyger†. 8 October 2007. http://www. cs. rice. edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/66. html â€Å"’Songs of Innocence and Experience’: ‘The Tyger’ by Blake†. 8 October 2007. http://www. sparknotes. com/poetry/blake/section6. rhtml â€Å"’Songs of Innocence and Experience’: ‘The lamb’ by Blake†. 8 October 2007. http://www. sparknotes. com/poetry/blake/section1. html

Fahrenheit 451: The Meetings Between Montag And Clarisse Essay

Fahrenheit 451: The Meetings Between Montag and Clarisse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury is about a futuristic society that has banned books. Firemen that start fires are used to burn the books when they are found. One fireman, Guy Montag, remembers a time before book burning and tries to right this horrible metropolis of zombies. An important part of the novel Fahrenheit 451 is the meetings between Montag and Clarisse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The meetings between Montag and Clarisse begins a series of events and changes in Montag's way of thinking and lifestyle. Clarisse remarks " Are you happy? " (10). Montag begins to realize that he is not happy after Clarisse asks the question and arrives in his home. Montag observes " Darkness. He was not happy. He was not happy. He said the...

Online Gaming Essay

Online gaming is due today latest technology. The people can easy to access on this Online World because of the modern gadgets that invented by the new generation. We have now the internet cafà ©, personal computer and other gadgets that we can use any time in our life. We have known that today the problem of the students, parents, teachers that we need to solution is the problem in the addiction of the Online Gaming. As games become more visually enticing and the recession leaves people at home in front of computer screens, therapists are encountering more cases of people obsessed with being online. In extreme circumstances game players can, they warn, become detached from normal existence and forget to eat or sleep as they interact with screen characters such as wizards and monsters. Youngsters can also develop posture problems. The present study contributes to the argue on video game addiction by applying a unusual approach. It seeks to supply experimental, data-driven verification for the assumed subgroup of addicted online video gamers. Results provide a source for data-based scale confirmation and cut-off scores. Identification of this group will be conducted throughout a  combination of two indirect measures: game addiction severity and time spent on online gaming. Computer game addiction is a worrying aspect of the modern-day technologically able youth. Many children spend hours a day on computers, so much so that computers have become a primary source of entertainment for them , as well as a convenient baby-sitter for parents. Throughout this guide, the details of computer game addiction will be discussed, such as addiction signs, solutions to the problems and alternatives to computers for entertainment. The online gaming is the addictive hobby that can affect the performance of the students in the school. We say that if we play online games we feel â€Å"It feels so good even you want to quit playing the game. You just can’t stop because it’s very addictive ones you start there’s no turning back â€Å". Other people may play continuously that cause to forget they needs like food .And this may affect the social life and the behavior of the addictive gamer. Based on our own experience we play online games to entertain ourselves and kill our boredom. The other â€Å"techi† or the technology-inclined they spend several hours in playing instead doing more important things. Online role-playing games, the site adds, â€Å"encourages interaction amongst other people and development of groups, allowing people to flourish socially online, providing an escape for their struggling social life†; however the games could also ruin a â€Å"successful social lif e†. The most played games by boys was the DOTA (Defense Of The Ancient) and the LOL (League Of Legends).The girls most played games was help by the social media sites like Facebook one of them is the Candy Crush , Dragon City , Pet Society and Farmville and other Online games. These are the several reasons of the addiction to the online games. According to online gamer they start playing Online games when they are elementary and High School. And continuously playing online games until now. When a person is obsessed to online games, he/she wants and makes more time in playing online games. Statement of the Problem Our mission in making this research is to answer the main problem regarding the addiction of the teenager on online gaming. 1. What are the effects of social sites on the addiction in online gaming? 2. What are the things they skip when they are playing online games? 3. How many hours did they spend in playing online gaming? 4. What are the possible effects on the performance of the students when they play online games? 5. How to prevent the addiction of the online player? Hypothesis We hypothesize that: 1. Those addicted to computer games will have symptoms of addiction, such as tolerance, Emotional dependence, and withdrawal. 2. The computer addicted group will demonstrate an emotional attachment to computer Games. If they are having a bad day, they will be more likely to play more hours of Computer games. 3. The computer addicted and social player groups will be more likely to play MMORPGs. 4. Computer addicted group will have lower GPAs. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework The Significance of the Study Awareness is what we are trying to aim so that our study will be useful to students, parents, and teachers. Our study also aim to give an idea for the parents or the guardian of the children regarding to the addiction of the online games. We want to alarm those students that are addicted on online games to the harmful effects of online gaming to the health of the students but also to their performance in the school. We want to help and also contribute the knowledge for the readers regarding to the said topic. Scope and Limitations This study was conducted during the first semester of the school year 2014-2015 to identify the factors that affect the involvement to computer game addiction of the LWAD students and to determine how it would affect their study habits. Respondents of the study are limited to the High school  students of the School namely: Legacy of Wisdom Academy of Dasmarinas Inc. There are twenty randomly selected respondents of each of the High school students. We will do some survey to proven this research. Definition of Terms The following word are used in this chapter. It greatly contribute to your vocabulary and to our study. Addiction-an addiction do not have control over what they are doing, taking or using. Their addiction may reach a point at which it is harmful. Addictions do not only include physical things we consume, such as drugs or alcohol, but may include virtually anything, such abstract things as gambling to seemingly harmless products, such as chocolate – in other words, addiction may refer to a substance dependence (e.g. drug addiction) or behavioral addiction (e.g. gambling addiction).

Pigrimage Should money be given to the poor or should it be used for maintaining the places of pilgrimage? Essay

Should money be given to the poor or should it be used for maintaining the places of pilgrimage? I think that money should be given to the poor people this is because Jesus helped the people in need. This is stated in the parable of the sheep and the goats and the rich young man. Another reference to back this up is â€Å"Love your neighbour† this means that you should help anyone in their time of need like in the good Samaritan when a Samaritan was beaten up and was in need of desperate help two people walked past him took a look at him and walked on then a Jew came past and helped him even though Jews and Samaritans absolutely hated each other he helped him in his time of need. So we should give money to the poor because at this time in their life they need our help and it is our duty to help them. This is why money should be given to the poor rather than places of pilgrimage because life is more important than buildings life is unique and special life is a gift from god. But also give money to the churches to maintain buildings of pilgrimage and churches but most of the money should go to the poor. On the other hand some Christians believe that it is right to maintain our places of pilgrimage because God deserves that kind of respect we should build his house in gold. The churches are the core of all communities. The church also helps those in need for example Soup kitchens. If the churches are not maintained then the churches history that it has got over hundreds of years. We also need to preserve places of pilgrimage because it is a way to get closer to God and pray for family. Another reason is that God is worthy of the admiration and beauty of the places of pilgrimage. Organisations like CAFOD help the poor by giving them long term aid like education and tool to get food. They also give short term aid where they give them food clean bottles of water health checks and vaccinations. We are unique and have feelings and our life is more important than buildings. The early Christians did not have places of worship and they managed to cope so why cant we do the same. Churches spread Christianity so if they start to deteriorate people will not want to go to church because it is so run down a lifeless it don’t seem worthy to be Gods house. In conclusion I think that more money should be spent on the poor because life is unique, precious, made in god’s image and likeness and life is a gift from god buildings are a luxury to have. If we spent more money on places of pilgrimage then lives would be wasted where no money was spent on them which means nobody cares about poor people any more.

Arms and the Boy Essays

Arms and the Boy Essays Arms and the Boy Paper Arms and the Boy Paper Owen uses Imagery, language and verse form to present the death and suffering of the soldiers. He uses these techniques in other poems, too, to create an effective, conspicuous theme. In, Dulcet et Decorum est., Owen, straight away, uses Imagery to convey his feelings about the soldiers. He describes the soldiers as if theyre like old beggars under sacks and coughing like hags. The implication of the exhaustion creates the image hat the soldiers look like ill tramps; they no longer look like robust, young men because the endurance of suffering has changed them health wise and In appearance. This Is different from the poem, Arms and the Boy, because the soldiers do not change in their health or looks, but in their innocence. Owen informs his audience that there lurk no claws behind his fingers supple, which suggests that the soldier Is not harmful and would never kill anyone If the choice was his. Unfortunately, the choice Is not his and he has to kill and fight; some of his innocence is lost forever. A significant amount of tribulations and sufferings are listed in, Dulcet et Decorum est., which creates a slow, heavy rhythm. Owen Informs his audience that the soldiers all went lame; all blind; drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots. This tired rhythm mirrors the soldiers and what they are feeling. Owen does this so that we can comprehend more effectively what the soldiers are going through Just by saying the poem out loud. The suffering Is also emphasizes because of how the sentence structure is formed. By listing the soldiers injuries and poor wellbeing, the effect is almost overwhelming because the audience has little time to take in all of the pain that the soldiers have to endure. This is different to the description of suffering in, Arms and the Boy, because Owen creates a calm tone, rather than a violent one. He does this by using the same verse form throughout the poem and uses a casual tone to convey his thoughts on war. In Dulcet et Decorum est., we know that Owens fellow soldiers have to live through this languishing life, but It is easy to forget that Owen himself suffers In a way that the others might not. Wilfred Owen had suffered from shell-shock in the war and a symptom of this is that he cannot escape from some helpless dreams; he talks about one dream he had where the dying man plunges at him guttering, choking, drowning. The diction creates a violent Image of a demented man who looks as If he is possessed just because of the frantic pain. Rather than thinking of himself as lucky that he was not the agonized man, Owen detests the fact that he was there, watching It, Ana NAS to level Walt It Slammer ascription Is uses In, Anthem Tort mea Youth, UT instead of the soldiers suffering, personification is used when the weapons are described as demented and wailing as if they are the ones being tortured and not the soldiers. The representation of death in, Dulcet et Decorum est., fits in well with the futility of war theme that Owen is trying to convey. Insignificance is implied through language when the soldiers flung the wretched man behind the wagon. The effect of this nugatory attitude illustrates to the audience that the death and suffering of the soldiers is forlorn and futile. A different attitude is implied in, Anthem for Doomed Youth. This is because it has much more of a holy theme throughout the poem, relating to a conventional and respectful funeral in contrast to the reality of dying a painful death. The representation of death in, Anthem for Doomed Youth constitutes a theme of disrespect and a mockery of religion. Towards the end of, Dulcet et Decorum est., Owen talks about eyes, referring to them as writhing in his face. This creates a sense of incapability to withstand this tormented pain and implies how much the soldier is actually suffering. An image is also created by Owens choice of words. This is completely different to the eyes mentioned in, Anthem for Doomed Youth, for they are illustrated as if there are soldiers spirits still living on by holy glimmers. There is a great contrast between the eyes mentions; one set are demented and are in fierce agony while others carry on friends spirits. To conclude, Owens use of various techniques effectively presents death and the suffering of soldiers as futile and harsh. The vile diction used creates violent images in, Dulcet et Decorum est.. Arms and the Boy and Anthem for Doomed Youth are not as effective in conveying Wilfred Owens feelings on death and suffering because they are not as graphic. The impure reality is Chorine Simpson Making Close reference to language, imagery and verse form, consider the ways in which death is presented in Dulcet et Decorum Est. Does Owen present the suffering of soldiers more or less effectively here than in other poems from the selection. Decorum est., Owen uses imagery, language and verse form to present the death and In, Dulcet et Decorum est., Owen, straight away, uses imagery to convey his feelings about the soldiers. He describes the soldiers as if theyre like old beggars under because the endurance of suffering has changed them health wise and in appearance. This is different from the poem, Arms and the Boy, because the soldiers ay not change In tenet Neal or looks, out In tenet Innocence. Owen Monitor Nils the soldier is not harmful and would never kill anyone if the choice was his. Unfortunately, the choice is not his and he has to kill and fight; some of his innocence which creates a slow, heavy rhythm. Owen informs his audience that the soldiers all poem out loud. The suffering is also emphasizes because of how the sentence his languishing life, but it is easy to forget that Owen himself suffers in a way that drowning. The diction creates a violent image of a demented man who looks as if he is possessed Just because of the frantic pain. Rather than thinking of himself as lucky it, and has to live with it. A similar description is used in, Anthem for Doomed Youth, also created Day Owens sconce AT words. I Nils Is completely Deterrent to ten eyes are not as graphic. The impure reality is shown in a more disgusting light in, Dulcet et Decorum est., which constitutes vivid images of powerful description.

Biography of Zachary Taylor, 12th U.S. President

Biography of Zachary Taylor, 12th U.S. President Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784–July 9, 1850) was the 12th president of the United States. Born in Orange County, Virginia, he grew up near Louisville, Kentucky. Taylors family built its wealth over the years, but as a young man he lacked the funds for a college education. His decision to enter the military helped catapult him into the White House with the nickname Old Rough and Ready. Though he served only a short period of time as president, he was well-liked and respected. A theory that he was assassinated has been debunked. Fast Facts: Zachary Taylor Known For: 12th president of the United StatesAlso Known As: Old Rough and ReadyBorn: November 24, 1784 in Barboursville, VirginiaParents: Sarah Dabney (Strother) Taylor, Richard TaylorDied: July 9, 1850 in Washington, D.C.Education: Grammar school and home educationAwards and Honors:  Appeared on postage stamps; namesake for several roads, counties, highwaysSpouse: Margaret Mackall Smith,Children: Sarah Knox Taylor, Richard Taylor, Mary Elizabeth Bliss, Octavia Pannell, Ann Mackall, Margaret SmithNotable Quote: I have no private purpose to accomplish, no party objectives to build up, no enemies to punish- nothing to serve but my country. Early Years Zachary Taylor was born on November 24, 1784 in Barboursville, Virginia, and was the third of nine children of Richard Taylor and Sarah Dabney Strother. The family inherited a plantation in Virginia but, unable to make the land productive, they moved to a tobacco plantation near Louisville on the Kentucky frontier. It was there that Taylor learned the frontier skills of shooting, farming, and horsemanship- skills that would serve him well in later life. While his father, a slave owner, became increasingly wealthy, Zachary attended only grammar school and did not go to college. Taylor married  Margaret Peggy Mackall Smith on June 21, 1810. She was raised in a wealthy tobacco plantation family in Maryland. Together they had three daughters who lived to maturity: Ann Mackall; Sarah Knox, who married Jefferson Davis (the president of the Confederacy during the Civil War) in 1835; and Mary Elizabeth. They also had one son named Richard. A daughter named Octavia died during childhood. Military Career Taylor was in the Army for four decades, from 1808 until he assumed the presidency in 1849; at that time he had the rank of major general. During the War of 1812, he defended Fort Harrison against Native American forces. He was promoted to major during the war but briefly resigned at the end of the war before rejoining in 1816. By 1832, he was named a colonel. During the Black Hawk War, he constructed Fort Dixon. He took part in the Second Seminole War and was named commander of all U.S. Forces in Florida as a result of the role he played during the Battle of Lake Okeechobee. In 1840 he was assigned to a position in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where he made his home. Mexican War, 1846–1848 Zachary Taylor played a major role in the Mexican War, successfully defeating Mexican forces in September 1846 and allowing them two months armistice upon their retreat. President James K. Polk, frustrated with Taylors clemency toward the Mexicans, ordered General Winfield Scott to take over and lead many of Taylors troops into immediate action against Mexico. Taylor, however, ignored orders and engaged Santa Annas forces against Polks directives. He forced Santa Annas withdrawal and became a national hero at the same time. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War, was signed in 1848; by that time Taylor had become a military hero and was the candidate of choice for the Whig Party. During this period of tension between North and South, Taylor combined a military record that impressed the North with slave ownership, which attracted southerners. Becoming President In 1848, Taylor was nominated by the Whigs to run for president with Millard Fillmore as his running mate (he did not learn about his nomination until weeks later). He was challenged by Democrat Lewis Cass. The main campaign issue was whether to ban or allow slavery in territories captured during the Mexican War. Taylor, a dedicated supporter of the Union, did not express an opinion, while Cass supported the idea of allowing residents of each state to decide. Former President Martin Van Buren, leader of the Free Soil abolitionist party, entered the race and took votes from Cass, allowing Taylor to win with 163 of 290 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments of Taylors Presidency Taylor served as president from March 5, 1849, until July 9, 1850. During his administration, the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was made between the U.S. and Great Britain. The agreement stated that canals across Central America were to be neutral and outlawed the colonization in Central America. It stood until 1901. Taylor himself was a slave owner and thus, for a period of time, he had significant support from the South. He was, however, dedicated to preserving the Union and believed that the best way to ensure the continuity of the Union was to avoid extending slavery into the territories. He disagreed with Congress over the question of whether California should be admitted to the Union as a free state; his successor Millard Filmore was more sympathetic to the Southern cause. By 1850, Taylor started suggesting he would be willing to take up arms to preserve the Union. The Compromise of 1850 was introduced by Henry Clay; according to History.com, the Compromise traded California’s admission to the Union with the abolition of the slave trade in  Washington, D.C. (supported by abolitionists), and a strong fugitive slave law (supported by southerners) while allowing New Mexico and  Utah  to be established as territories. Taylor was unimpressed by the Compromise and showed signs that he might veto it. Death On a hot day in July, Taylor ate only raw vegetables, cherries, and milk. He contracted gastroenteritis soon after, along with violent cramps. He died on July 8, 1850, at the White House, and Vice President Millard Fillmore was sworn in as president the next day.  Some believed that Taylor might have been assassinated by poison. His body was exhumed in 1991, and testing concluded there were no signs of arsenic present in his remains (though its possible that other poisons could have caused his death). Legacy Zachary Taylor was not known for his education and he had no political background. He was elected solely on his reputation as a war hero. As such, his short time in office was not one full of major accomplishments outside of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. However, if Taylor had lived and in fact vetoed the Compromise of 1850, the events of the mid-19th century would have been very different. Sources The Editors of Encyclopaedia Brittanica. â€Å"Zachary Taylor.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 7 Mar. 2019.Editors, History.com. â€Å"Zachary Taylor.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009.â€Å"Zachary Taylor.†Ã‚  The White House, The United States Government.

Gateway art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gateway art - Assignment Example She adds voice to her portraits by including calligraphy on the images, one of the calligraphy is a poem by feminist contemporary Iranian poet. Farrokhzad was one of the renowned Iran female poets whose work enticed Neshat to include in her paintings. Artistically works and poems were the main channels the Muslim women could use in revolution against their frustrations with the social and cultural restrictions. Following Iranian unveiling in 1936 the Irans women bodies were unveiled, subsequently female poets and artists like Neshat started revealing their thoughts, emotions and desire (Meskimmon, 2012). Neshat portrays Iranian women determination in executing their mission by the picture of her self-cladding in a black chador with her rifle aiming at the viewer. This portrait is unlike the others that do not direct their weapons at the audience the black veil leaves only the upper part of her face visible. Neshat grew up in an era before the Islamic revolution when Shahs government was trying to promote secular culture. She employs the art of photography in self-expression when she displays the characteristics of Iranian society culture and traditions. All the images covered in the women of Allah illustrate the theme of bound restriction, silence, old-fashioned and the violent Muslim women (Sheybani, 1999). Historically Islam religion and believes hold it that a womans body is a battleground for several kinds of rhetoric and political ideology. Neshat uses photography in exploring the relation between a Muslim woman and the positions that she inhabits. The traditional arrangements of the western democratic society were making efforts in eliminating difference and boundaries, comparatively contrary to Islamic culture where Islamic men and women holding different spaces are meant to come together to create a cohesive unit. Women of Allah series was Neshats artwork after visiting Iran in 1990 she makes a

The explotation of slavery from colonial times to 1877 Essay

The explotation of slavery from colonial times to 1877 - Essay Example Slavery was a problem in the world from its birth. People who are sold, then asked to work ruthlessly and do not have any rights of their own are known as slaves. To build up the economy of America they needed people who could work according to what they required and thus at this time the African people were targeted and used as slaves. By the sixteenth century the use of these servants had become common and this made a way for the Africans to enter America. Agreements were made with these slaves, which stated that they would be bound to work for their master for some years. And after the specified period of time these slaves were set free. These were known as the contracted or indentured servants. During this era many of the African people who were bound with their masters for some years got free and started working as traders or land owners. At this time there was a greed for more land and a stabilized economy and thus this raised the demand graph of the slaves in America. At this time the slaves of Africa became popular and were highly charged for their services. Most of the Southern America needed workers for the plantations of rice, tobacco, cotton etc. These slaves were also used for other purposes such as crafting and personal servants. While on the other hand in Northern America these slaves were mostly used in trade, factories and farms. The demand of the slaves in America grew by a very significant rate and by the 17th century there were an estimated 180,000 African slaves working on the American soil. Sooner this number increased even further and in some states the black slaves consumed most of the population of the state. In the sixteenth century states like Massachusetts made new laws which made oppression as lawful servitude. This worsened the conditions of the Africans who were living in the American soil. They thus turned into chattel slaves who could be sold and purchased only by their owners. The people from Africa were known for their work in mining farming agriculture and other skills. People from Portugal were the first to start slave trading. Sudan was the basic area where slaves could be found. The wars which took place between different tribes in Africa gave way to the selling of tribes as the side which won kept some of their prisoners as captives and further sold them to other people. Many other people were kidnapped by the hunters which were then used as slaves. These slaves were very important for the economy of America as they were good at planting different agricultural goods. The rise of the slaves got on its peak when there was seen a rise in the demand of basic agricultural goods like cotton, tobacco and coffee. This trade of slaves gave so much profit that in the sixteenth century Royal African Company outdated other traders in term of profits. Slaves at a time were also known as the Black Gold. At this time many people from Europe moved to America to practice their religion with freedom. But on the other hand Slavery was to be justified as it provided such a boost to the economy of America. Therefore to defend that slavery was correct and legal, people started to justify it by classifying the group of blacks as substandard, low-grade and fated to be slaves. Even at those times the churches did not take up this issue seriously and did not try to eliminate slavery. Even some

The Whiteness Questions Reading + Questions Coursework

The Whiteness Questions Reading + Questions - Coursework Example According to the arguments presented in the article, it seems that many whites do not fully understand the meaning of whiteness in the American context. Even with this as the case, racism, gender discrimination, and imperialism still persists. Interestingly, the whites exhibit an identity that they cannot adequately explain. However, the race, gender, and the white-self factors hold the answer to the contemporary whiteness question. White people have defined themselves based on their white race and gender, but they have overlooked self-actualization relative to this race. The author argues that a good percentage of the white population is still struggling to understand the meaning of whiteness from a political and historical point of view. Amid this, whiteness continues to sink in the hearts of the whites, thus enabling them to understand the dynamics of whiteness and what comprises racism out of the whiteness question. It emerges from the reading that there are white people who have never considered the white to be a race. From this perspective, it can only be argued that a race comprises of people of color; obviously this not true. This indirect notion was to some extent uncomfortable at a personal level. It never occurred to me before that the whites do not fully understand their whiteness. On the other hand, the fact that there are white people who are always joining the civil rights pursuit in favor of people of color resonated with me. The whiteness question is undoubtedly important to address. The issues raised by this question affect whites and people of color in one way or another. However, there is an ultimate personal question and point of confusion when it comes to asserting who is really white and what exactly it takes to be white. What I do not understand is the ‘pure’ aspect of whiteness. Personally, I have interacted with both whites and people of color from the North and South sides of the United States. From my experience, the

Franchising as a Strategy for Small Business Growth

Franchising as a Strategy for Small Business Growth This paper is an investigation into whether franchising is as effective a method of expansion for a small business as it is for larger more established businesses. To test this theory a case study of two businesses was prepared, Interlink Express and the Cornish Oggy Oggy Pasty Shop. The case studies on the organisations were compiled from the information on their web sites. Both organisations are a member of the British Franchise Association. These case studies were compared to the literature on the topic. Through researching the topic one factor was revealed as being a major issue in franchising, this was the brand. Both the organisations that were studied are successful within their markets in the UK, and therefore proved to be good examples of franchising. The organisations had different motives for using this method for growth. The paper concludes that with the right brand, small business can be just as successful at franchising for expansion as their larger counterparts. Introduction This paper will investigate whether franchising is as effective a method of expansion for a small business as it is for larger more established businesses. There are many different methods that organisations can use to expand; some of these involve raising large amounts of capital, which is not always an viable option for the smaller business. Businesses whether large or small, must plan what their future needs will be, to move forward. Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term: which achieves advantage for the organisation. The strategy answers both the questions where do you want to go? and how do you want to get there? Incorrect or too few resources is a major factor of failure for an organisation’s strategy (Mullins L 2005). Once an organisation has developed its strategy, it can then review the methods open to it for growth. Growth can be achieved by direct expansion, mergers with similar firms, franchising or diversification. Some companies choose to grow, not by developing in the conventional way, but by granting a license to others to sell their product or service. There are clear advantages to this, the market is tested, and larger well-established franchise operations will have national advertising campaigns and a solid trading name (Price, S. 1997). Franchising is basically the permission given by one person, the franchisor, to another person, the franchisee, to use the franchisors trade name, trade marks and business system, in return for an initial payment and further regular payments. In relation to any other small business, franchising has proved to be successful, with 96% of units still operating profitable businesses 5 years down the line. To test the theory on expansion and franchising a case study approach was chosen. Both organisations operate within the UK in different market sectors. The small business that was studied is the Cornish Oggy Oggy Pasty Shop, a local organisation from Cornwall; this organisation is expanding by franchising alone. The larger organisation chosen is Interlink Express; this organisation is well established and has its roots in other countries, therefore it is only their UK operation that was studied. Within the UK it has utilised franchising to successfully expand their operation. The backbone of the paper is the literature review. This discusses contemporary theory on organisational strategy, expansion methods and focuses on franchising within the UK. A lot of articles are written for the USA markets, these were not used as they had little relevance towards the UK. Franchises operations are apparent on every high street in the UK. One of the most important factors is the brand name. This what attracts and retains the customer therefore is it viable for a small business to franchise. The importance of the brand became apparent whilst researching this paper. Kotler (2000) described a brand as a â€Å"name, term, symbol, or design (or a combination of them) which is intended to signify the goods or services of the seller or groups of sellers and to differentiate them from those of the competitors† This brand is a valuable asset to all organisations when franchising. Although, the brand name is often not as strong with a small business as it is with their larger counterparts. Franchising originated from the USA, with major players such as McDonald entering the UK market. Franchising for the individual as a small business underwent massive growth in the UK until 2000. This growth has slowed down, but there are still plenty of opportunities for businesses to expand. This paper concludes that given the right small business, expansion is possible though franchising. This franchising must be controlled to uphold the organisation’s ethos, and the brand they trade with. This chapter discusses the research methods used for the project and the justification for the choice of methods. It discusses methods that were not used, with justification of why they were not included. Included is a critique of methods selected, and with hindsight identifies any changes that would have enhanced the research. This paper evaluates the growth in franchising in the UK, and whether this method of expansion is viable for small and large organisations. Selection of the topic was stimulated and formed out of awareness of the many franchised outlets. On nearly every high street there are numerous fast food outlets, which are franchised, more and more businesses are using this model to expand. The nature of the research was discussed with colleagues and fellow students this not only added practical ideas and suggestions, it opened new avenues of thought. This was the discussed with lecturers sounding out ideas, gauging opinions and clarifying the question. The research topic was still wide; therefore other methods were used to form the research question. Focusing in on the question was obtained by employing relevance trees, narrowing the research area. This gave direction to the research, although with reviewing the literature this changed several times (Buzan, J. 1995). Next, a research proposal was compiled, with the benefit of organising ideas and setting a time-scale for research. Theoretically, the proposal would highlight any difficulties with the research question and access to data. Creating a time-scale would focus on targets and meet deadlines in the completion of the paper. The literature review, discussing theories and ideas that exist on the topic formed the foundation of the paper. The findings from the research are then tested on theories for validity (Saunders, M. et al 1997). The literature review was challenging, there is very little research in books that focuses on small businesses and franchising. Journals and newspaper articles were the backbone for the review, together with Internet sites and reports. A lot published articles are written for the American Market, although they can give useful information, they refer to the American market (Saunders, M. et al 1997). Tertiary data sources, such as library catalogues and indexes were used to scan for secondary data. This produced journals and newspaper articles, and Internet addresses. With the amount of literature, it took time to sort out relevant material to the research. Narrowing down the search Bell’s (1993) six point’s parameters was applied. Applying key words that were identified in the first search produced relevant and up-to-date material (Bell, J.1993). A limitation on the literature search was the amount of time to read all articles and books on the subject. Whilst reviewing the literature references to other publications were followed and reviewed. Bells checklist on identifying the relevance of literature found was a practical method to reduce the amount of reading (Bell, J. 1993). To compare two organisations it was decided to do case studies. The organisations chosen both offer franchising in the UK, actively promoting it on their web sites. The case studies of organisations will be reviewed and compared to the literature. The small organisation is expanding though franchising, the larger international organisation uses franchising as part of its overall strategy. These organisations have both applied the franchising business model to their expansion strategy. These organisations were selected from the British Franchise Association web site. Other methods of data collection were considered and rejected. Interviewing owners of franchises would not have revealed the overall organisational strategy, and the success of their expansion methods. The idea of Focus groups would have offered free flowing information; this could have been facilitated with discussion led by the researcher. This method was rejected due to the limited contacts within the chosen organisations; this also it could have been considered unethical to place pressure on their goodwill. The majority of information on their strategies is readily available on the organisations web sites. This information proved valuable when compiling the case studies. This section of the paper will discuss current theory on franchising and fundamental management theory. It discusses choices that are open to organisations when deciding on a strategy, for both small and large organisations. This section will focus on franchising in the UK; this information will be then compared to the case studies. Organisational strategy is the pattern of decisions that determines and reveals to stakeholders the organisations intent; this is achieved through their objectives, purposes, and goals. The organisation identifies where they strategically want to be, and introduces policies and procedures which put in place to achieve these goals. When the strategy is formulated, it will allocate the resources based on its relative internal competencies and shortcomings, and predictable changes in the environment. Strategies are developed at the top level of management, with instructions to the lower levels of management to implement them. Johnson Scholes (1997) concluded â€Å"strategic intent is the desired future state of the organisation†¦which seeks to focus the energies of the members of the organisation (Johnson J Scholes K 1997:15). All organisations require strategic plans to move them forward; some are needed to overcome specific problems within the organisation or the market place. These are long term management decisions that are aimed to place the organisation where the members have decide will be the most strategic place for them. It is the matching of the organisation to the environment; this will lead to â€Å"strategic fit† This is the ideal environment for the organisation to operate within (Reader, A 1998). Managerial decisions are made to identify what is required to implement the new strategy. Are new resources are required? I.e. property, finance or employees, then the risk should be assessed for its long-term value to the organisation. Strategies should not only be considered on how they will affect existing resource capabilities, but also if needed new resources and how they will be controlled. The costs to the organisation should be weighed against the long-term gains, and if needed it can be reviewed, accessed and amended accordingly (G, Johnson K, Scholes, 1997). Therefore strategic decisions will affect the operational level of an organisation, which needs to be in tune with long term goals of the organisation. This factor is important in decision-making; firstly if the operational level is not in line with the strategic level this can cause conflict and jeopardise the strategy, secondly it is at the operational of an organisation that the real strategy is achieved. Procedures and policies should be constantly reviewed, to ensure correct implementation of the strategy (G, Johnson K, Scholes, 1997). Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a changing environment, to meet needs of the markets and fulfil stakeholder expectations. The strategy answers both the questions where do you want to go? and how do you want to get there? The first question is answered when the goals are set; the second is answered when the strategies are planned. The traditional approach basically focused on the first question although equal importance should be given to both questions. Incorrect or too few resources is a major factor of failure for an organisation’s strategy (Mullins L 2005). A portfolio analysis will review the current position of the organisations products within the chosen markets. Ansoff (1987) developed a product growth matrix, which reviews current products and their markets; this will also highlight new markets that entry to can be considered. Ansoff considered reviewing the portfolio â€Å"as only one part of the equation for a successful strategy† To formulate a successful strategy more than one review of their current position will clearly identify any problematic areas. The greater the information gathered the greater the chance of success of a new strategy (Ansoff (1987) cited in Groucutt, J. et al 2004:212). Organisations need to continually review their strategic position, and then decide how and when to grow. Robbins (1995) defined growth (expansion) as improvement in operation of an organisation, including in general measurements, such as more revenue, increase staffing and market share. Growth can be achieved by direct expansion, mergers with similar firms, franchising or diversification (Robbins, S 1995). The traditional growth moves for organisations are acquisitions, mergers, international expansion, or price increases, these it is argued have largely run out of steam. Therefore for most organisations pursuing new growth opportunities should be the number-one priority. Growth moves fall along a spectrum, ranging from traditional product innovation ie. improving features and brand extensions to longer-term strategies such as taking core capabilities to new markets. Managing new growth requires an active feedback loop of constantly monitoring the progress of each initiative, its changing probability of success, and its shifting risk profile (Burnes, B. 2000) Mergers and acquisitions were an enormous factor of the 1990s growth, as MA activity grew sevenfold from 1994 to 1999. But acquisitions rarely produce new value and sometimes lead to disaster. International markets, are often viewed as a rich field for growth, in reality they hold little opportunity for future sustained gains in many industries. Markets in Western Europe and Japan are as competitive and mature as in the United States. And emerging markets, are characterized by weak consumer and industrial purchasing power, inefficient distribution channels, and protectionist laws that favour local players (Burnes, B. 2000) Mergers combine two or more companies into a single corporation. In business, a merger is achieved when a company purchases the property of other firms, thus absorbing them into one corporate structure that retains its original identity. This differs from a consolidation, in which several concerns are dissolved in order to form a completely new company, or a takeover, which is a purchase of a company against its will. In a merger the purchaser may make an outright payment in cash or in company stock, or may decide on some other arrangement such as the exchange of bonds. The purchaser then acquires the assets and liabilities of the other firms. When two companies directly competing with each other merge, it is horizontal integration; when suppliers and customers merge, the process is vertical integration (Johnson, G Scholes J 2004). Growth through price increases worked over the past decade in industries such as airlines, chemicals, financial services, and consumer products, as underlying demand was bolstered by the 1990s economic expansion. But in all of these industries, companies have run out of room to push through reflexive price increases as demand has slackened and competition has intensified (Johnson, G Scholes J 2004). For a small set of companies new growth is not an immediate concern, as their current growth strategies remain robust. But for most organisations pursuing new growth opportunities is the number-one priority. Today most products, even complex ones such as PCs or airplanes, are largely undifferentiated in terms of performance; so improved product functionality offers little. Fortunately, in most industries a wide range of higher-order customer needs is go unmet. These needs involve the broader economic issues surrounding the product rather than the strictly functional needs met by the product itself (Burnes, B. 2000). Growth moves fall along a spectrum of categories, ranging from traditional product innovation moves such as improving features and brand extensions to longer-term strategies such as taking core capabilities to new markets. Most companies tend to over-invest in areas they are familiar with and have well-established processes and systems (Johnson, G Scholes J 2004). Over the past two decades, the franchising industry has experienced a phase of renewed expansion and continued growth, the advent of new forms of franchising has further added to this growth. Globalisation accounted for much of franchising expansion between the 1960s and the 1980s, new industry segments, such as funeral homes and car repair garages, have been adopting franchising as a means to conduct business based on its standardisation promise. The expansion of older industry segments into non-traditional sites, such as airports, colleges, and hospitals, has allowed for another push in the growth of franchise systems. Through all of these developments, a major portion of the more recent growth can be attributed to the emergence of franchise owners who own more than the traditional single outlet (Grà ¼nhagen, M and Dorsch, M 2003). Brands A valuable asset to all organisations, is the brand name of the product, this is then a vital component when franchising. Kotler (2000) described a brand as a â€Å"name, term, symbol, or design (or a combination of them) which is intended to signify the goods or services of the seller or groups of sellers and to differentiate them from those of the competitors† (Kotler (2000) cited in Groucutt, J et al 2004:275). The brand is part of the products tangible features, it is the verbal and physical clues that help the consumer identify what they want and to influence choice (Groucutt, J et al 2004). The actual word â€Å"brand† is derived from a Norse word which means to â€Å"burn†. It is assumed that this means to imprint ideas or symbols on a product. This then gives the product identification and leaves a lasting mark on the consumer (Groucutt, J et al 2004). Because product features are easily imitated brands have been considered a marketers major tool for creating product differentiation. Even when differentiation based on product characteristics is possible, often consumers do not feel motivated or able to analyse them in adequate depth. Therefore the combination of brand name and brand significance has become a core competitive asset in an ever-growing number of contexts. Brands incite beliefs, evoke emotions and prompt behaviours (Aaker, D. (1991) cited in Kotler, P Gertner, D. 2002:249). Once a brand is established it requires nurturing, to bring out the full potential and add value to the organisation. Kashani (1999) believes that powerful brands are built over time through a conscious management effort. This is achieved through strategic decision-making and appropriate actions. All brands â€Å"need to be based on values and attributes that are permanent and, purposeful and fundamental to its strategy† (Kashani (1999) cited in Groucutt, J et al 2004:285). Therefore by creating such values in an organisation it will provide direction and a future for the brand. A brand with strong â€Å"brand equity† is a valuable asset to an organisation. This asset is difficult to measure; although it has emerged as key strategic asset. A powerful brand enjoys a high level of consumer awareness and loyalty, with the organisation benefiting from lower marketing costs relative to revenues. Consumers expect more outlets to carry strong brands; therefore the organisation has more leverage when bargaining with retailers. This all adds to the â€Å"brands equity†, which needs to be managed by the organisation (Kotler, P. et al 2005). This brand asset management is a concept that is closely related to positioning, since certain brands are central to a companys current and future performance. They need to be managed, enhanced and protected as assets. This allows brand names like Coca-Cola, Sony, Intel and Disney to extend into new product categories, and produce product variants and services (Kotler, P. 2004). What is Franchising? The term franchising has been used to describe many different forms of business relationships, including licensing, distributor and agency arrangements. The more popular use of the term has arisen from the development of what is called business format franchising. Business format franchising is the granting of a license by one person (the franchisor) to another (the franchisee), which entitles the franchisee to trade under the trade mark/trade name of the franchisor and to make use of an entire package, comprising all the elements necessary to establish a previously untrained person in the business and to run it with continual assistance on a pre determined basis (Kotler, P, et al 2005). The principle is simple; some companies choose to grow, not by developing in the conventional way, but by granting a license to others to sell their product or service. There are clear advantages to this, the market is tested, and larger well-established franchise operations will have national advertising campaigns and a solid trading name Some franchisors can also help secure funding and discounted bulk buy supplies for outlets when you are in operation (Price, S. 1997). Each business outlet is owned and operated by the franchisee; however, the franchisor retains control over the way in which products and services that are marketed and sold, and controls the quality and standards of the business. The franchisor will receive an initial fee from the franchisee, payable at the outset, together with on-going management service fees, usually based on a percentage of annual turnover or mark-ups on supplies. In return, the franchisor has an obligation to support the franchise network, notably with training, product development, advertising, promotional activities and with a specialist range of management services (Kotler, P, et al 2005). Franchising is essentially the permission given by one person, the franchisor, to another person, the franchisee, to use the franchisors trade name, trade marks and business system, in return for an initial payment and further regular payments. In a UK franchise industry currently worth  £9.1 billion and comprising 718 franchised units (Nat West UK British Franchise Association Annual Survey of Franchising 2004). In relation to any other small business, franchising has proved to be successful, with 96% of units still operating profitable businesses 5 years down the line. Only 66% of small firms survive the first 3 years (Small Business Service Report 2005). There is (some) evidence to suggest that franchises are less likely to fail than other types of small business organisations (Small Business Service Report 2005). A franchise is defined as a long-term, continuing business relationship in which for a consideration, the franchisor grants to the franchisee a licensed right, subject to agreed requirements and restrictions, to conduct business utilising the trade and/or service marks of the franchisor and also provides to the franchisee advice and assistance in organising, merchandising, and managing the business conducted to the licensee (Price, S. 1997). The franchisor develops a special product, service, or system and gains national recognition. The franchisor then grants a right or license to small, independent businessmen throughout the country to merchandise this service or product under the national trademark and in accordance with a proven, successful format. This increases the franchisors exposure for more national business and gives the franchisee a greater chance for success in a given field with a smaller amount of capital investment (Price, S. 1997) Code of Ethics for Franchising The UK Code of Ethical Conduct in franchising takes as its foundation the Code developed by the European Franchise Federation. In adopting the Code, the Federation recognised that national requirements may necessitate certain other clauses or provisions and delegated responsibility for the presentation and implementation of the Code in their own country to individual member National Franchise Associations. The Extension and Interpretation, which follows the European Code, has been adopted by the British Franchise Association, and agreed by the European Franchise Federation, for the application of the European Code of Ethics for Franchising by the British Franchise Association within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (www.thebfa.org). The European Franchise Federation, EFF, was constituted on 23rd September 1972. Its members are national franchise associations or federations established in Europe. The EFF also accepts affiliates, i.e. non-European franchise associations or federations, and other professional persons, interested in or concerned with franchising. Affiliates have no voting rights and cannot be appointed officers of the EFF (www.thebfa.org). The EFF also comprises a Legal Committee, composed of two lawyers from each national member association or federation and highly qualified in franchise matters. The EFF has, furthermore, installed a Franchise Arbitration Committee, which is at the disposal of parties preferring to submit their disputes to the latters determination. The evolution and the ever-growing importance of franchising in the EC economy as well as the EC Block Exemption Regulation for franchise agreements, entered into force on 1st February 1989, prompted the EFF to revise its existing Code of Ethics (www.thebfa.org). The motives differ between small and large organisations when they are using franchising for growth. Franchising is fast becoming one of the most popular entry mode strategies for international retail companies when moving into international markets. Though initially slow to respond to this practical phenomenon occurring in the international retailing domain, the academic community has also been gradually turning its attention to the nature of international franchising, in the context of retailer internationalisation (Quinn, B Alexander N 2002). Despite this increase in the practical use of franchising, academic attention has only recently been afforded to the nature of international franchising in the context of retailer internationalisation. Control is an issue of serious concern for international franchise companies. It is becoming a particularly important issue for international organisations as they continue to employ franchising as a mode of expansion in internationally diverse economies, and in locations geographically distant from the home market (Quinn, D Doherty A 2000). In terms of market entry mode strategies available to international retail companies, franchising has proved an increasingly popular mode of operation in recent times (Burt, 1993 cited in Quinn, D Doherty A 2000) Franchising has historically been a favoured mode of expansion among service sector companies, particularly the fast food restaurant business. However, a diverse range of retail companies has become aware of the advantages for international expansion, which the franchise strategy may bring. Therefore, the strategy has been adopted not only by niche retailers, for example, Benetton, Body Shop and Yves Rocher, but also other retailers such as Casino (France), GIB (Belgium) and UK variety stores Marks Spencer and BhS, where it has been employed as only one of a range of entry strategies (Quinn, D Doherty A 2000). Studies have identified how complex the expansion practiced in small busines is and how it can strategically gain a competitive advantage over a competitor. Although these studies have also conluded that expansion is often seen as peripheral to some small firms requirements. Research has found some small businesses use sophisticated marketing strategies and others use no form marketing (Klemz, B and Boshoff, C 2001) The small firm has always been viewed as the budding large firm, and Alfred Marshalls analogy of the young plant in the nursery seedbed is applicable today as it was in the nineteenth century, of course most of these tender young shoots are destined not to survive. Marketing of products and service can develop the business, increasing turnover and profit (Alfred Marshall cited in Day J 2000). Smaller firms share a number of characteristics differentiating them from larger organisations, that lead to marketing problems. These include, limited customer base, limited activity, fewere resourcrs, owner/managers marketing competency, no formalised planning and evolutionary marketing, and, innovation, niches and gaps. The relationship and affinity that many SME owners/managers have with their customer base has frequently been cited as an advantage. It is considered that the best strategy a small business can adopt is to fully appreciate and exploit any existing customer base, prior to attempting an expansion of this base (Klemz, B and Boshoff, C 2001) One argument with marketing in SME,s is that it differs from the larger organisation, it requires more intuitiveness, creativeness, networking is of higher importance and more about operating under extreme time pressure. Day J (2000) stated, â€Å"Encouraging small firms to act both intuitively and flexibly is not tantamount to condoning sloppy and careless thinking, nor equally, is it an excuse to impose rigid and conservative business school models on them† Therefore the smaller businesses require their own models to be based on (Day. J. 2000:1036) For these SME’s to reach international achievement, they not only have the appropriate product and strategy, but the decision makers must have the appropriate attitudes as well (Calof, 1994). It is these attitudes that determine how decision makers perceive the benefits, costs and risks of internationalisation (Calof (1994) cited in Chetty, S and Campbell-hunt.C 2003). These attitudes that will shape international decisions are based on the decision-makers past experiences (Chetty, S Campbell-hunt. C. 2003) Resources or the allocation of resources are a key factor to the success of any marketing strategy. There are a number of different theorisations of processes of development in a firms international operations. Cavusgil and Nevin, (1981) considered â€Å"internationalisation to be a gradual, sequential process through different stages, with the firm increasing its commitment to international operations as it proceeded through each stage† The most often used model is the Uppsala process model. It emphasises learning by focusing on market knowledge and commitment. To minimise risk and overcome uncertainty, it says that firms internationalise in a step-by-step process. As firms gain market knowledge they commit more resources to the market (Cavusgil and Nevin, (1981) cited in Chetty, S and Campbell-hunt,