The Relevancy of the Heartland :: essays research papers fc

The Relevancy of the Heartland - Hinterland Distinction in Canada's Economic Geology Until the mid twentieth century, Canada was essentially a horticultural country. From that point forward it has gotten one of the most exceptionally industrialized nations in the world as an immediate consequence of the improvement of the ‘heartland'. To a huge degree the assembling enterprises present in the heartland are provided with crude materials delivered by the horticultural, mining, ranger service, and angling areas of the Canadian economy, a locale known as the ‘hinterland'. The ‘ heartland-hinterland' idea in Canada portrays examples of monetary force, in particular, where monetary force and control dwells inside the country. Hence, the heartland-hinterland idea recognizes crude material and staple-creating hinterlands from the capital assistance mechanical heartland and uncovers the city or overwhelming city of the framework. At a national scale, the Canadian city is Toronto, and the district with the most impact is the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands. However, while colossal impact transmits outward from the city situated in the heartland, the connection among hinterland and heartland is one of personal common reliance. In current Canadian financial aspects, neither one of the regions can exist without one another, and the prosperity of one legitimately influences the other. These two districts show momentous differentiations, yet they are to a huge degree related on one another, obviously proposing that the heartland-hinterland qualification is very pertinent as far as Canada's monetary topography. After talking about the significance of the heartland-hinterland in Canada, it is important to talk about what each term alludes to. As indicated by McCann the heartland is a territory "†¦ which has good physical characteristics and award food availability to business sectors; they show an expanded profile of auxiliary, tertiary, and quaternary enterprises; they are described by an exceptionally urbanized and thought populace which takes an interest in an all around coordinated urban framework; they are all around cutting edge along the advancement way and have the limit with regards to creative change." Literally, hinterland implies ‘the land behind', the region from which a heartland draws its crude materials and which, thus, fills in as a business opportunity for the heartland's made merchandise. The segment and financial attributes of Canada's heartland are that it contains over half of the country's populace and 70% of its assembling ventures in just 14% of the country's territory. Canada's heartland is southern Ontario and Quebec extending from Quebec City to Windsor. This heartland, possessing the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, matches with a few good physical qualities, for example, rich Class 1 and 2 soils in expansion to damp mainland atmosphere for ideal horticultural conditions. In any case, the "hinterland locales show harsher or additionally restricting physical qualities. The Cordillera, Interior Plains, Canadian Shield, and Appalachian areas yield enormous asset riches, yet their dirts,

Performance and Rewards Management Samples for Students †MyAssignme

Question: Talk about the Performance and Rewards Management. Answer: Outline of what was finished As a feature of the weeks work, I learnt different issues dependent on deciding the structure of a compensation and execution framework, with respect to individual and occupation thought. It likewise centers around deciding the structure of a compensation and execution framework, with respect to outer contemplations, including enactment. The reflection additionally investigates the advantages, acknowledgment plans, just as individual prizes. In my view, the territories distinguished structures that significant piece of execution and prizes frameworks in an association. Fundamentally, rewards frameworks contain frameworks, for example, fiscal installments and working conditions that representatives, appear to get as a component of their employments. New Learning I found out about the structure of compensation and execution framework that underscore on individual and occupation contemplations. Basically, associations generally send talented based compensation or competency-based compensation. Fundamentally, a gifted based compensation alludes to representative pay framework whereby laborers are remunerated with extra compensation in return of their aptitudes, skills, or ability. It is a procured and noticeable ability and aptitude that an individual must have the option to play out a specific errand. I discovered that in the ability based frameworks, laborers will be qualified for extra compensation in the wake of demonstrating their aptitudes, information, and the skills, which will be remunerated by the framework (Boyett 2004, p. 4). In this way, I concur with the view that planning an ability based compensation can't be accomplished by impersonating another framework. Notwithstanding, much can be learned by investigating what has been accomplished by different associations and a superior comprehension of the factors and rules that are basic in the structure of an aptitude based compensation framework. The principle motivation behind why associations execute the expertise based framework is to advance learning. Nonetheless, it ought to be noticed that it isn't the main methodology that is accessible to repay laborers, yet the best way to deal with advance authoritative learning. Along these lines, ability based compensation contrasts from other representative compensation frame works, since it centers around the aptitudes and contrasts in an arrangement of paces of pay, particularly for all classifications of laborers. A such, it is individual based compensation which remunerates an individual on merit, and the compensation movement is legitimately connected to singular aptitudes and abilities. I leant that to structure a gifted based compensation, the framework ought to be supported for different open doors that are accessible to workers for preparing, which is significant for an association. Accordingly, while presenting a gifted based compensation, there are a few stages that must be followed with a few issues to be tended to (Canavan 2008, p. 22). The most significant advance is to guarantee that the aptitudes necessity is accessible. What's more, assets should likewise be accessible for the framework to succeed. Further, singular employments ought to be arranged in families based on the likeness in the abilities needs. Moreover, the abilities in every family ought to have the option to play out the employments that ought to be dissected. Further, a procedure ought to be created to depict, ensure, and esteem the aptitudes, and value them. The procedure ought to be surveyed, certify, and in the end reward laborers for their aptitudes. The other major viewpoint I realized is the thing that consider when structuring an ability based compensation framework is its execution. Subsequently, when planning a particular usage plan, it is important to include correspondence will all partners and spotlight on the execution plan. In any case, the fundamental advantage of the framework is that it builds the normal hourly rates. Then again, the gifted based framework results into lower work costs. Subsequently, it is basic for organizations to consider embracing the talented based framework and whether better outcomes will be more probable. The other methodology that is utilized by associations to remunerate representatives is the competency based compensation. Fundamentally, firms want to utilize the competency put together offer methodology based with appreciation to the aptitudes, just as encounters in the working environment (Adams 2010, p. 17. It is a structure that is sent to persuade laborers to get roused, and create on their aptitudes and capabilities and furthermore to apply them, in view of the activity position or title (Homan 2009, p. 290). It is a significant compensation structure in light of the fact that the persuaded get advancements from their present positions. Be that as it may, it is important to take note of that the workers are not paid dependent on the ideals of the positions they hold in the association, yet rather on account of their competency. Along these lines, a competency base structure can be created for any authoritative level, or a particular activity job or work or for the whole assoc iation. Be that as it may, when an association is going to compensate laborers for a specific competency, at that point it must have a proportion of such representative abilities (Suff 2011, p. 2). In this manner, there are a few factors that have t be thought about when an association looks to completely coordinate a competency based compensation. It is important to have worker execution evaluation procedure and chief ought to be prepared and be prepared to gauge the abilities. Furthermore, the staff ought to be made mindful of the necessities and show them, concerning their presentation evaluations. Prominently, competency based frameworks are dictated by execution pointers, and ought to be measured through worker meetings or overviews. The framework is advantageous on the grounds that it empowers workers to build up their aptitudes based on their encounters and skills. In any case, the downside is that the framework isn't anything but difficult to oversee, particularly the desire s for the representatives. Individual Reflection This is a significant region on representative prizes framework is compensation, administration, and the sex official compensation hole in associations. Hence, the week five conversation centers around the controlled compensation cycle, key parts of the administrative system. It additionally centered around the sex pay hole, applicable enactment to manage pay imbalance, just as the key discoveries from the 2016 working environment sexual orientation uniformity organization. Essentially, compensation practice is the real act of organizations and individual administrators according to compensation. It involve setting the authoritative compensation approach, composing the compensation contract, execution of the agreement, just as the last end of the agreement. Essentially, compensation arrangements are basic to the conveyance of an associations business procedure and to propel and assemble staff to accomplish the esteemed authoritative objectives. Compensation assumes a key job in expan ding the interest for talented work. Further compensation arrangements utilized by associations, are seen to have a supported upper hand as it makes key representatives to continue working in their working environments, henceforth diminishing business costs (Amabile 2005, p. 128). I comprehended that a compensation revelation is directed every year through a compensation report along with adhoc divulgences that are connected ro the compensation, for example, organization advances. Then again, commitment compensation is what happens between the organization and the investors in compensation. Then again, deciding on compensation alludes to the yearly warning decision on associations compensation report joined with a wide range of compensation, just as related goals (Altonji Rebecca 2014, p. 3147). Notwithstanding, concerning all parts of compensation, it is a principal perspective, that is utilized to characterize representatives ways of life. It includes the pay rates, benefits, just as different advantages, that are utilized by associations to oversee the choices that people make (Andrews George 2009, p. 500). In my view, compensation is critical to representatives, since it is considered as one of the noteworthy costs they face. Further, compensations are a s ignificant thought for representatives to run a compelling association. I likewise discovered that the key parts of the associations compensation structure. Generally, there are four exercises that are engaged with the compensation cycle. These contain the compensation practice, commitment, and casting a ballot (Barber Terrance 2008, p. 267). Clearly, it is important to comprehend that every one of these exercises is directed somewhat. Likewise, there are explicit standards that are utilized in the guideline of the exercises and to encourage the principles. In any case, there are sure guidelines that are obligatory though others are viewed as intentional with various results connected to them. So as to take part in the best authoritative practices, there are sure guidelines that oversee partnerships, which tries to direct key parts of official compensation. All things considered, the principle point of the guidelines is to give exposure to the official pay through recorded firms, which structure some portion of the money related detailing process (Barnar d 2010, p. 14). Furthermore, it is additionally important to take note of that the enactment may likewise indicate the obligations of the administrators, which might be owed to them in custom-based law and value. The other fascinating part examined during the course is authority in the private area (Ledford 2008). Truly, ladies speak to a higher level of degree qualified specialists. I comprehended that the present patterns show that ladies speak to a little level of the MBA graduated. Be that as it may, the quantity of female CEO;s in the private area is generally little. In actuality, top ladies CEOs is a territory that has gotten next to no consideration, on the grounds that the territories has been understudied (Barney 2009, p. 1234). Indeed, ladies interest in the seniormanagement positions may have a drawback, since they will in general be less successful or just abhorrence the serious conditions, for example, those that are doubtlessly found in the official set-up of numerous associations. A few analysts additionally accept that d

Should You Get Dealer Financing

Should You Get Dealer Financing Should You Get Dealer Financing? Should You Get Dealer Financing?If you have bad credit, dealer financing might be your best option for buying a car. But dealer financing is still notorious for inflating your costs.Since the dawn of time, humankind has wondered: What is dealer financing? The car dealer was trying to sell them on the option after they selected one of those Flintstone cars where you use your feet to move it. (Which begs the question: Why have the car at all?)Thankfully, car science has come a long way, and we now know what dealer financing is. But is it right for you? In order to explore the ins and outs of these mysteries, we have prepared an article to explain what dealer financing is, whether it’s a good option, and what alternatives exist.This is that article. Prepare to begin reading it in three, two, one …What is dealer financing?The last time you passed by a car dealership, you may have noticed a giant “Buy Here, Pay Now” sign in between two of the wavy inflatable giants. This likely in dicates that they offer dealer financing.On a basic level, this is exactly what it sounds like. It means that you can get financingâ€"namely secured personal loan to buy a carâ€"at the dealership itself. The dealership may lend you the money directly, or it might work with third-party lenders to offer you a deal on the spot.Much like a mortgage, this auto loan is paid off over time and your car serves as collateral. That means if you don’t pay, you’ll lose the car along with all of the money you’ve paid towards the principal and interest.Is dealer financing a good choice?Now you know what dealer financing is. Is it a good option to consider when you’re looking to buy a car?“It’s an open secret in the automotive world that financing is where a dealership really makes its money,” explained Jake McKenzie, content manager at Auto Accessories Garage (@aagarage). “Some customers may think they just agreed to a great deal on their new car and so they let their guard down. W hat they fail to realize is that the financing portion of the deal is where car salesman really put their sales tricks into use.Most dealerships are staffed with salespeople who are experts in making bad financing options sound good, and in most cases, customers are out the door before they even fully grasp what they’ve signed on for.”You should be somewhat suspect when it comes to dealer financing. Although they might care less about your credit score, the rates are likely to be much higher than the alternatives. If you are considering dealer financing, take McKenzie’s advice and don’t just accept the offer you’re given. If the dealer is working with an outside financer, then they’ve likely been given a quote known as the “buy rate.”The dealer may very well be offering you a higher rate than the buy rate so that they can get additional money out of you that you wouldn’t pay if you were working with that lender directly. Ask the dealer what the buy rate is and donâ €™t hesitate to try to negotiate the rates as low as you possibly can.“Dealer financing is different from standard bank financing in that the dealer does the searching and uses their connections to get you financing,” warned Sean Pour, co-founder of SellMax (@sellmax). “But, typically this will be at a higher rate than if you were to go to your bank directly.”Dealer financing alternatives.As you may have realized from reading the previous section, dealer financing is rarely, if ever, going to be the ideal way to buy a car. Some would say it’s not even worth considering as an option.“As a rule and without exception the best option for buying a new car is paying for it outright,” declared McKenzie. “However, paying in cash is just not realistic for most car buyers, so financing through a third party like a bank or credit union is the next best option. Financing with the dealership shouldn’t even be seen as a last resort, but as something to avoid altogether.”Of the two experts that we talked to, the other didn’t go quite as far, but still viewed dealer financing as an absolute last resort.“In terms of better alternatives,” began Pour, “yes, there are better alternatives. After witnessing thousands of deals, the ones who always got the best rate were individuals with good credit, who went directly with a bank they had a relationship with.But if your credit is a little shaky, then using the dealer to get your financing might be the only option because they have the know-how and connections to get it done when other conventional banks might say no.“Other options include getting a co-signer on the loan. If you have a family member or relative who trusts you, if they have good credit, they can essentially promise the bank they will be responsible if you dont pay and secure you a better interest rate with a conventional bank.”You could also consider leasing a car until your credit improves, though you also may need a co-signer in that i nstance as well. Unfortunately, if you don’t have access to good public transportation, a car may be required for work and … everything else. Do your research to make sure you aren’t taken advantage of!Cars and auto loans can be a real money suck. If youre not careful, it could even be the thing that knocks your finances out of alignment, leaving you relying on short-term bad credit loans and no credit check loans (like payday loans, cash advances, and title loans) to make ends meet. To learn more about auto-related financial issues, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Car Maintenance Tips That Will Save You Money Down the RoadCan Renting a Car Affect Your Credit?Supercharge Your New Ride: Negotiating at Car DealershipsAre Cheap Tires Safe Enough to be Worth the Savings?Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsJake McKenzie is the Content Manager at  Auto Accessories Garage (@aagarage), a fast-growing, family-owned online retailer of automotive parts and accessories. He manages all written content for the website including research guides, product descriptions, and other informative articles. He also enjoys attending the annual SEMA Show, the premier automotive specialty products trade event held every November in Las Vegas. Jake often lends his opinions and expertise to a variety of online blogs, websites, and news sources.Sean Pour  is the co-founder of SellMax  (@sellmax), a used car buying company based out of San Diego, California. Sean has over ten years of experience dealing with the purchasing and selling of used vehicles. He graduated  with a degree in computer science from San Diego State University.

History Of Feminism And Sexism In South Korea - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 448 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Feminism Essay Sexism Essay Did you like this example? After the end of WWII, documents of the Comfort Women were destroyed by Japanese officials and the women who had been forced into sexual slavery became societal outcasts. In the 1980s, some women began to share their stories. After the Republic of South Korea became a democracy in 1987, women started discussing their issues to the world. The issue flared into an international dispute in 1990 when South Korea criticized Japan after the Japanese government denied the events to have taken place. Afterwards, more women came forward to tell their stories. Japans government finally acknowledged the atrocities three years later, and the Japanese government finally announced it would give reparations to surviving Korean Comfort Women in 2015, but South Korea asked for a stronger apology and since then the issue has remained divisive. Mostly because Japan recently denied that request for a better apology which is just a reminder that the issue remains as a matter of foreign relations in the past and its effects on the present. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History Of Feminism And Sexism In South Korea" essay for you Create order Besides the Comfort Women, during as well as after the Japan occupation of Korea there was a controversial historical feminist named Kim Hwallan. She was a South Korean politician, educator, social activist, and the first women to have a PhD in Korea. Kim is considered a pioneer in Korean womens higher education while at the same time a controversial pro-Japanese intellectual. Koreans have been critiqued for a typically nationalistic outlook, but the debate about Kim Hwallan shows how collective memory of a colonial era uses gender for a nationalistic construction in a way that silences feminists and interrupts their participation in it (Insook). Kim was one of the leading founders of a womens large national organization founded by socialist and nationalist women, called Kunwuhwoe. Its goal was to abolish the remaining Korean practices and beliefs as well as any memories of the occupation of Japan. After Korea gained independence in 1945, Kim supported pro-American changes, which was thought of as dictatorial, anti-Communistic, and militaristic (Insook). Many Koreans, especially men, criticized Kim and blamed her gender for her ideals. Whether Kims ideals were correct or not, though there is confusion if she worked with the Japanese military voluntarily or forcibly, the sexism that she and other women experienced in the past has the same root that the women of modern South Korea experience today. South Korea has a sordid history of blatant and violent misogyny, women in South Korea face being beaten up, raped, or killed if they proclaim they are a feminist. Though there are many countless stories of hatred in women in Korean values and culture, many South Korean women are still fighting back and trying to change the systematic misogyny surrounding them.

Obesity America Be Regulated By Better Food Prices

Could Obesity in America Be Regulated by Better Food Prices? Obesity is a continuing problem in the American society. Obesity, occurs when, the amount of energy taken is more than the energy released (Abraham 237). The growing obesity rates could be slightly declined by the availability of more affordable, healthier foods and the decline of these temporary quick fit diets, many Americans put themselves on as a means to get fit. The opposing viewpoint may suggest that obesity can be fixed simply by shopping for better, healthier food choices in grocery stores and learning how to count calories to maintain a healthy weight; but that simple solution may not be an achievable solution for every American. Furthermore, the difference of cost between healthy compared to unhealthy foods is completely outrageous. Numberless people strive to go into a grocery store and select all of the healthy food options of their liking; however, healthy food options cost more and are seemingly unaffordable compared to junk food. The government should regulate the pr ices of junk and healthy food as a means to combat obesity in America, so that all persons can achieve good health. Many Americans strive to eat healthier in order to maintain good health, live longer lives, and keep their medical bills down; however, due to the cost of food, it has been made nearly impossible for many everyday Americans to manage a healthy lifestyle. Healthy, organic food options in most grocery stores are quiteShow MoreRelatedCoca Cola Company : Destroying America s Health1360 Words   |  6 Pageschild is born, the parents hope that they have a better, and longer life then they did. Yet for the first time in modern US history, â€Å"Today’s children are expected to have shorter life expectancies than there parents† (Life Expectancy of U.S. Children Cut Short by Obesity). The somber realization is the result of a several decade long epidemic which threatens to poison future generations and prevent them from living long prosperous lives. The obesity rate in the United States has sky rocketed inRead MoreFood Stamps, And There Importance Within Society. Food1047 Words   |  5 Pages Food stamps, and there importance within society Food stamps or other words known as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP play a critical part in today’s society. More than 46 million American’s rely on food stamps to get through their everyday life. This program kept 4.9 million people out of poverty in 2012 not to mention the over 2 million kids. Food stamps are a voucher from the government for those on low income, exchangeable for food. Many families that haveRead More Global Public Health Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesunfortunately witnessed failed initiatives. One way to better understand how to deal with any public health crisis is to look at the experience in dealing with other public health issues, especially those where there has been progress made. From the eradication of smallpox and potentially the most important public health achievement in American History---the chlorination of drinking water all the way to the current crises of malaria, obesity, TB and HIV/AIDS we see the realization of what a trueRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Type 2 Diabetes1645 Words   |  7 Pagesdiabetes have this form of the disease. Type 1 diabetes restricts the body from producing insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. Type 1 diabetes can be managed by using insulin therapy and other treatments to help those infected maintain insulin to convert sugars, starches and foods into energy(www.diabetes.org). Type 2 diabetes is the most common, people with Type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance meaning the body does not use insulinRead MoreThe Repulsive Truth Behind School Lunches Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesYet these meals are highly processed and filled with chemicals and preservatives. School lunch rooms are essentially fast food restaurants; they unload shipments of frozen food then heat it up in glorified microwaves and serve it hot and ready. This is the same basic principle of fast food restaurants and people a ll know how terribly unhealthy fast food is for them. Still America feeds this toxic material to kids every day. This has been a tremendous issue for years but it is more devastating now thanRead MoreA Research And Clinical Background Of Life Division Sells Weight Loss Products And Programs1513 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking the support and program information more conveniently acquired and increasing the amount of sales. 2. Similar to Take Shape For Life, Medifast’s direct-to-consumer dividend uses a website as the media and provides a professional support team to better serve its customers. However, the business of this unit is propelled by a variety of media, such as digital advertising, email and public relations. 3. Franchise Medifast Weight Control Center Every franchisee is required to have at least 3 weightRead MoreEssay on Delicious Killings1800 Words   |  8 Pagessafety and wellbeing of our children. Over the years the school lunches have dropped their nutritional standards and our children are paying the price with their lives. The unhealthy food has made its way into the cafeteria and is now a main contributor to the rise in childhood obesity. Many schools serve these meals knowing the outcome. Even if the unhealthy food is unavailable in the cafeteria, it is available in the vending machine right outside the door. These poor standards are the main contributorRead MoreNegative Effects On Junk Food911 Words   |  4 Pagesincome a year on fast food†? (Johns 2). There are certain ingredients in junk food and fast food that keep people coming back for more. Although junk food is not as addictive as alcohol and drugs, it certainly has similar effects on the brain, which has brought scientists to the conclusion that most ju nk food has addictive properties. It is so easy these days to go to the store and buy cheap junk food, but knowing the negative outcomes may have people reconsider their food options. Gaining more knowledgeRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Wide Scale Issue1961 Words   |  8 Pagespredominately overweight and in some cases fat. Several American parents are to happy with settling with the convenience of restaurants, which isn’t okay once people don t teach their youngsters to exercise. Most kids could even get hooked on fast foods, and in today’s busy society they are not getting the right time to exercise. , If today’s American society would teach their children to exercise and eat right , then the result would be less diseases and a lot more healthier kids. Parents have theRead MoreWhy Is America Going Organic?1597 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is America going organic? Is it because Dr. OZ told them to? Is it because there are promises of losing weight and younger looking skin? What would make a person spend double the price for organic food and turn around a drink a coke? I am not saying organic foods are bad. I am saying unless you are going to be 100% committed, why bother? Organic farming is a $63 billion dollar business and about half of that is from Americans feeling the need to healthier. Everybody is trying to get into

Teachers and Faculty Carry Concealed Weapons on Campus Essay Free Essays

Teachers and Faculty Carry Concealed Weapons on CampussImagine the feeling of safety as if it is invariably within our control or ability. people that are in ownership of a hidden arm are cognizant of the duty and the consequences of what can go on when utilizing a hidden arm. Safety of instructors. We will write a custom essay sample on Teachers and Faculty Carry Concealed Weapons on Campus Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now all other employees and pupils at a larning intuition can greatly better if the staff could be armed with hidden arms. Besides we must retrieve that all citizens of the United States have the right to transport and have a arm as guaranteed by the 2nd amendment of the fundamental law of the United States of America. Safety and security could be greatly improved with instructors and module transporting concealed arms on campus. hence. the instructors and module addition security ; the safety of the pupils can besides be achieved. The 2nd amendment to the fundamental law guarantees people the right to have and utilize a arm without intervention from the authorities ( Constitution ) . Although to transport a hidden arm requires extra permitting in all the provinces and districts of the United States. This is to assist everyone is safe and guarantee that a arm does non stop up in the incorrect custodies. This can dwell of a complete and through back land cheque. fingerprinting. and even mental wellness ratings may be required in some provinces. Some provinces besides require the applicant exhausted clip on the shot scope. schoolroom. and go to a basic huntsman instruction class. This includes the safety demands that a individual is expected to follow when in ownership of a arm and the proper manner to procure a arm when finished with its usage. After the certification procedure is completed this ensures the individuals has the ability to decently have and keep a hidden arm license. Most instructors and module accordingly would hold to take the clip to procure the proper certification so that they would be compliant with all the province and local Torahs to transport a hidden arm. Since. the instructors are traveling to hold more cognition of the pupils to cognize how to defuse a hostile or bad state of affairs. On the other manus the module being familiar with the campus layout would cognize how to procure the campus for the safety of everyone else on the campus. Even if this state of affairs merely happened one more clip and it saved the life of one individual instructors and module transporting a concealed arm could extinguish this state of affairs from of all time go oning at any learning establishment. Most instructors have already spent at least four old ages or more in school to learn and assist people larn in a safe and unafraid environment. Not to be in fright that a disturbed or disquieted pupil brings a arm to school and intends harm person. Besides teacher’s giving a class that a pupil thinks they should hold received a better class than they did. Then the pupils that carry arms to school to settle a mark with another pupil or even the spill over from an incident related to old pack activity. As a consequence of instructors and module transporting a concealed arm a 2nd idea would hold to be raised in the culprits mind cognizing they were traveling into a state of affairs where the resistance is besides transporting a hidden arm. Besides. let’s non bury that this is a right that we have and are non in any manner be forced into or even have to take part in. Similarly. school systems all over the United States are engaging a school resource officers and private security contractors to hold armed forces on campuses. This is known to diminish the opportunities of state of affairss intensifying with armed individuals on campuses. This would supply the added security that is needed to keep order and safety on our campuses. This will guarantee the pupils. instructors. module members are stay safe to foster their instruction and keep the unity of the acquisition establishments today and forever. However. the cost for the added constabulary or contracted security forces. and this will far transcend the cost of developing instructors or module forces to transport a hidden arm on campus ( Lewis ) . Therefore. allow us non bury that all of us will necessitate to utilize these establishments for schooling. proving. and larning a new occupation. It is safe to state that making these things in a safe environment is traveling to do that easier on anyone when preforming any undertaking required at larning establishments. Merely people that are willing and able to take part in this type of plan feel a demand for the added protection and security for our kids in school. instructors. and module. What would hold happened if a keeper noticed the culprit at Sandy Hook Elementary School and challenged him and he ne’er breeched the school. What if the gunslinger was challenged by the keeper before even acquiring inside the school. With a hidden arm on the module member this could hold been wholly avoided and ensuing in no loss of any lives. As a consequence of the presence of arms on campuses or anyplace we are ever traveling to hold the menace of force proving our security steps. As a consequence of instructors and module members transporting a concealed arm this will cut down the menace of force in our school guaranting that our kids safe and unafraid when we leave them at a learning establishment. Plants CitedLewis. Lyndsey. â€Å"Nevada Considers Arming Professors. † Chronicle of Higher Education 53. 44( 2007 ) : A20. 1/7. Print.Fundamental law of the United States of America. Bill of Rights the Second Amendment. † The rightto have and utilize a weapon† . World Wide Web. archives. gov/exhibts/charters/bill_of_rights. ( 1789 ) . How to cite Teachers and Faculty Carry Concealed Weapons on Campus Essay, Essay examples

International Business Essay free essay sample

Introduction People from different cultures are brought up in different environments with different values, norms and practices that shape their mindset accordingly. A difference in mindset is an influence of various acting elements within a culture and which further affects the behavior and the way of thinking of that person. As a result of these differences, managers who are apt to working in a certain country will starkly differ from managers in other countries. In this paper, we look into what differences lay between managers from Greece and managers from America. There are different managerial aspects that need to be explored in order to gain a better understanding of the business environments in the two countries and how they are shaping the mindsets of the managers in the specific region. Cultural Differences The cultural differences have the most impact on the managers and their way of thinking. In America the social structure allows individuals to exercise more freedom, independence and liberty. This is often reflected in the fact that men and women are often let out to stand on their own two feet once they reach the age of eighteen and sometimes even earlier than this age. The American culture is more apt to developing people internally on their own basis without the support of peers or family. This often tends to make them self-focused and lead lives on their own sustenance with the primary focus on reaching success heights for own self (Heifetz Linsky, 2008). So in America, success is strictly dependent on a person’s own abilities, his involvement in business and his own enthusiasm for success. As a result, the norms, values and practices for one-self are determined pretty much by the individual himself and he applies them in his own way on his own rules (Daft, 2001). Family relationships, values and bondage weigh a lesser priority in the American culture than in the other culture and therefore the stress is more towards individualism and independence. This starkly differs from Greece, located in southeast of Europe near Asia and Africa. The Greek culture is one where family is top priority. The cultural values, family relationships, bondage and association are highly ingrained in the business environment. In Greece, often generations of families are seen to be living together and people believe in remaining in close contacts with extended families and contacts. Independence, liberty and individuality are not considered worthwhile solution for people when family structures exist. The focus is on taking forward the family culture and heritage instead of digressing in a different direction to achieve a certain career dream. Family support and sustenance are seen as necessary for an individual (Robbins Judge, 2004). Although pursuing ones dreams is not hindered, but if a family business is already in practice, it will not be seen as a good deed to embrace independence and putting family on the backseat. As a result, Greek values tend to be more family centered rather than giving people the autonomy and liberty which they desire or should embrace. This is consequence also hinders the personal development of a person by constraining his wishes. Greeks are major advocates of education and especially their males family members especially to acquire high and quality education. However, it is observed that Greek families generally do not send their children to universities in UK or US even though the world’s best universities reside there. Even though the culture has adapted with time, the cultural values and practices described above are the traditional and inherent elements of the Greek and American region (Heifetz Linsky, 2008). Business Organization The business structure in America and Greece differ strictly. In America, especially in recent years, single owned businesses have opened up either physically on the land or online. The previously run family businesses in America are now being owned and run by professional managers who have the necessary talents and skills. Owing to greater autonomy and freedom, businesses are managed by groups of people who independently come together with a range of capabilities and skills to reap the benefits of success. People can start as early as possible depending on their own wish and often people tend to switch between jobs or workplaces to either gain more experience or to fulfill their needs better and to develop their personal abilities (Daft, 2001).In Greece, with a traditional focus on family structures, many businesses are owned and run by family relationships. Business organizations primarily tend to be ‘paternalistic’ which reflects the strong family ties and ethnic values that bind all Greeks together. People are inherently expec ted to join family businesses when they come of age instead of pursuing their won wishes and dreams. Businesses are seen as family successions where the retiring CEO will pass his responsibilities to his offspring, relative or some other individual. Business Structures American businesses tend to reflect a non-rigid hierarchal structure with managers leading groups of subordinates below him. Autocratic organizations with a demanding influence are not very typical of American organizations (Heifetz Linsky, 2008). Teams and group work is an essential part of organizational structures where people can showcase their team work abilities. Groups such as quality circles or societies headed by a manager are pretty much inherent in the system.Greek organizations tend to reflect a more family-oriented hierarchal structure wherein often family relationships and family positions dictate the position of an individual in an organization. There is a more rigid business structure in which family values and respect are expected to be observed by subordinates and lower level managers up to the CEO. Such structures tend to confuse the personal relationships with business work which in certain circumstances may not be favorable for the business. Role of Managers The role of managers is pretty much defined by business environment and structure. In American businesses, top management places a lot of stress on basic Human Resource concepts of expanding the role of individuals and granting them more and varied responsibilities. The concepts of autonomy, freedom, liberty and empowerment are the main driving forces in today’s American business environment (Robbins Judge, 2004). Managers are encouraged to show more decision making abilities and help subordinates develop and groom their capabilities and to put them in a way to which is in line with the strategic direction. The role of managers is more towards grooming individuals, helping them, allowing them more participation and freedom and guiding them rather than imposing decisions and portraying an extremely authoritative managerial nature.In Greece, the individual responsibilities of managers and workers are clearly defined. Being a part of a family structure, a lot depends on your family position as well. The scope of an individual’s tasks may not be increased and expanded to add autonomy and empowerment. Managers traditionally will have to be given clear instructions on what they have to do otherwise directions to them will remain very vague and will not be able to be understood. The decisions or statements taken by the elderly group members holding a high position in the business are deemed to be paramount with no room for influence or change from others (Daft, 2001). This is directly related to the concept of strong and in-built family ties where the elder members of the family often dictate their instructions and expect them to be followed as they are. The concepts of employee empowerment, autonomy and independence are weak and constrained primarily due to family pressures and structures. Superior-Subordinate relationship In American culture, the superior-subordinate relationship tends to be democratic rather than influential and autocratic. Managers and subordinates can interact personally; air their views, concerns, opinions and problems freely and without hesitations. In fact they are encouraged to act in a participative and involving manner. Decision making is encouraged and channels are designed to involve managers more in this process. This gives managers a felling of worth and is a means of motivating them. Channels of communication tend to be more personal and often managers can come and talk to one another face to face or on phone whenever a need arises. Resorting to memos and letters is less and this reflects the more participative, informal and interactive business culture. On the contrary, in the Greek business environment, superior subordinate role is clearly defined with in-built obligations and expectations. Superiors and managers have to give clear-cut instructions to subordinates, with minimal scope for interaction or feedback. The decisions dictated by managers are seen as having a paramount value that cannot be changed or influenced (Heifetz Linsky, 2008). A strict organizational structure follows with more of an autocratic rule wherein room for participation is very less. Managers in Greek culture tend to demand loyalty from subordinates due to the highly in-grained relationship bonds in the run in Greek culture. Manager-subordinate relationship is pretty much reciprocal wherein the manager will support and look after the interests of his subordinates only if he receives the esteemed recognition and respect (Robbins Judge, 2004). Composition of males and females In the American culture, both women and men are seen as having capabilities to advance the cause of the business and display their talents and creativity to take the business to great heights. As a result, in America, men and women are both given equal opportunities for jobs, education and for promotions. Moreover, women’s pay and other monetary benefits have also now been set in line with males and with the usage of more bonuses and performance-related pays, women are being given the motivation they need to work and excel. Women are encouraged to take up fields that were previously frowned upon and they have truly displayed their talents and business spirit by taking an enthusiastic and proactive business approach. So with equal opportunities, males and female composition in business organizations is almost equal (Heifetz Linsky, 2008).However, in Greece, businesses primarily remain male-dominated with little scope and motivation for women to enter the business field. Even though there are some successful women managers working in Greece, the businesses mainly remain dominated by males. The male composition is more than 85% in businesses whereas females come in scanty numbers. The efforts and encouragement that seem to be taken in the American culture to progress the cause o f women in the business environment do not seem to be taking pace in Greece. Leadership Styles Leadership is often confused with management and administration. So firstly, we would distinguish between the three terminologies. Leadership is about developing a vision and direction and then having the inner ability to pursue it and energizes others with it too. Management is about achieving the vision through the allocation of resources and to reach certain degree of profit or surplus. Administration is about procedures, guidelines and rules to ensure that they are being followed in the proper manner. Administration tends to be more general and remains same more or less worldwide. It is leadership that undergoes changes and evolves (Daft, 2001). However, even though leadership and management may differ in meanings, in practice it is the mangers who have to take on the role of a leader in an organization. Therefore it is important to understand the leadership roles that are most dominant in America and Greece (Heifetz Linsky, 2008).In America, leadership has evolved since inception. Firstly family owned businesses were the norm where leadership was passed down from fathers to sons and siblings. However, this practice has now changed and American organizations are now being owned and ruled by professional mangers and businesses later taken on by other professional managers. More sophisticated businesses now have programs to develop CEOs within the company. Capital is raised through capital markets instead of from the family’s own funds. A CEO has an average of 30 years with the firm and about 4% of the company’s ownership. Since these are not family based businesses, there is less freedom for action for CEOs and boards in America than in Greece where family CEOs have much greater power and authority.In Greece, since businesses are mostly family owned, power lies with the family owners instead of capitalists who have invested in the firm and thus enjoy less influencing power. However, the greater share of the company they own, the more the influence and decision making they can be a part of in America. The difference lies that in Greece, businesses and leaderships are generally passed on ‘sons’ or ‘relatives’ basis whereas in America, people have to strive through year’s experience and training to reach the desired place in the business organization (Robbins Judge, 2004).In America, the main leadership styles pursued by managers are: Directive leadership where the leader is very much in charge and stresses that the manager directs and leads people with less scope for autonomy for people. However, this trend is pretty much declining in America even though previously it used to be the norm. †¢ Participative leadership whereby teamwork and group work is stressed a lot. However, this is more common in Europe and Japan than in America. Even though Greece is a part of Europe, it is not typical of European business style. Empowering leadership is the newer concept gaining a lot of force and momentum in recent years. It is about delegating tasks and responsibilities to individuals and giving them the authority to do work by their own ways without too much of influence and accountability. This means giving employees a broader work scope which improves their job satisfaction. Jack welsh once commented You may be a great manager, but unless you can energize other people, you are of no value to General Electric as a leader. This shows the significance of leadership plus empowerment in the top US organizations (Daft, 2001). Charismatic leadership whereby people follow someone because of his magnetism and his charming personality. People do not follow him because he allows participation, or empowers people and gives them great freedom, but people follow him because of who he is (Heifetz Linsky, 2008). Celebrity leadership is very different and involves looking outside the company to the impact on others. This requires an appeal on the part of the CEO who sort of becomes a celebrity with a charisma, a dramatic influence having the flair and ability to interact with the media. Such CEOs gain a lot of media coverage. In America, often managers employ a mix of these leadership styles. But mostly, they apply the relevant style according the need of the time and the circumstances. In Greece, managers also tend to employ a mixed leadership strategy. However, in Greece, the most predominant leadership styles are can be seen are Transformational leadership is one where the leader takes up a visionary position and inspires other people to follow. Transformational leaders can motivate people in the right direction and can encourage them to transcend their own interests in the name of the organization if and when needed. They can be catalysts for change creating an atmosphere of change. Managers with transformational leadership style are mostly seen equipped with emotional intelligence (EQ) which is a person’s ability to understand and be aware of one’s own and others thinking and feelings and have the potential to influence and guide their behavior and thinking pattern. Having emotional intelligence allows managers to understand the needs of their subordinate and counterparts respond to their emotional stages and design a solution or a vision to help them overcome the emotional waves (Robbins Judge, 2004). Transactional leadership brought about by Max Weber is one in which the managers work through the patterns of rewards and punishments to gain compliance from their subordinates. Even though the rewards maybe clearly stated, punishments are not explicitly mentioned but are still well-understood. In the organization, formal systems of discipline are intact and in place. Transactional leadership puts in practice the concept of contingency, whereby, rewards or punishments are contingent upon performance. Whereas transformational leadership is one that has a ‘selling’ impact, transactional leadership has a more ‘telling’ impact. In Greece, the trend is to use transactional than transformational leadership styles together. However, transformational leadership is seen to be more influential as it is the main means of dissolving conflicts in Greek organizations. It is the manager’s EQ capabilities of social skills, empathy and motivation that interact positively with the subordinates integrating style and is the key to conflict management in Greek organizations (Heifetz Linsky, 2008). Leadership is what brings together the direction of an organization and directs it towards the strategic vision. In almost all companies people look up to a role model who has this ability and who filters it down the vision to his people. In America, this role model is most commonly the corporate CEO. In Germany this role model is often the head of the family. Manager Interests In America, personal development is seen extremely important for people to groom themselves so as to take on higher positions in the organization. They tend to switch between jobs in order to gather up different in-sights and job experiences. People strive on their own basis and take up opportunities that come their way. All this helps them deliver better when they achieve the post of their manager. It is observed that in America, managers tend to be more interested in getting money out of the business by giving in their full instead of wanting and striving for the overall success of the business (Heifetz Linsky, 2008). Even though CEOs comment that they are driven by a need to excel in today’s competitive environment to reach a winning position, we cannot give them much credit owing to the handsome salary packages that have started being offered in the past decade to CEOs and managers.In Greece, managers strive for the overall success for the firm as they want their business to be taken forward by their family successors and so they work for the overall wellbeing of the business instead of focusing on just their self-interests. In Greece, however, family support matters a lot and in some organizations may be a w ay of getting to higher positions. Also, if a person sees someone else take up a higher position, he personally dislikes him and also becomes victim to that unsettling feeling of not being recognized for what he has. In recent years, in Greece, performance has been stressed on a lot more and businesses are now becoming performance oriented. Conclusion After exploring the different aspects of management in both Greece and America, we can draw out some major conclusions about the mindset of American and Greek mangers. This will help us in identifying what hurdles lie in the way of mangers if they switch countries because they are used to a different environment and also different business practices.In Greece, the traditional Greek values, culture and practices are pretty much inherent in the business environment where majority businesses tend to be family owned and run and rely pre-dominantly on their family members’ skill rather than undertaking a recruitment program to hire professional managers and people (Heifetz Linsky, 2008). Managers require a lot of support from their family members and elderly managers demand and expect respect, loyalty and compliance from their subordinates.On the other hand, the American business environment judges people on their capabilities and hires then on that basis instead of any personal a ssociations. This makes the environment competitive and geared towards the achievement of strategic goals. Primary focus is on personal development and success rather than overall business success. If a person from America was to find himself in a Greek organization in Greece, he would have to change his practices and behaviors. In America, things are open, loyalty or obligations seem to be not the norms of business and self-interest is a driving factor. The concept of family is not even that strong in America as it is in Greece which would mean adapting to the cultural changes of Greece. However, Americans maybe able to do this in a bit of less effort than that required from Greek managers having to work in American style businesses because they are groomed in any way to take on new challenges and to have that adaptability factor.A person from Greece taking up a managerial post in US will face the hurdles as in US, the business environment tends to be driven by self-interest with a very challenging competitive atmosphere. Striving higher depends on the own skills and capabilities rather than support or influence from peers or noteworthy relationships and contacts. However, businesses in Greece are now moving towards a ‘convergence’ or ‘culturaltransparency’ so as to leave their cultural practices in businesses behind and make businesses run in a more American or typical European style. Greek businesses that are practicing in US have adopted the US managerial style and norms and are running successfully. References Daft, R. (2001). Organization Theory and Design, 9th ed. Chicago: South-Western.Heifetz, R. A., Linsky, M. (2008). Practice of Adaptive Leadership: Tools and Tacticsfor Changing Your Organization and the World. Harvard Business School Publishing , 1.Robbins, S. P. , Judge, T. A. (2004). Organizational Behavior. New York: Pearsons.

Candide Types of Satire, Parody, Caricature, Burlesque, and Wit Flashcard

Candide: Types of Satire, Parody, Caricature, Burlesque, and Wit

An Argument against Gun Control

An Argument against Gun Control Introduction One of the most valued liberties by the American people is their right to bear arms; a right enshrined in the Second Amendment. This right, which was included in the bill of rights in 1791, has continued to be upheld by successive governments up to today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Argument against Gun Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this right has come under heavy criticism in recent years because of the numerous incidents of gun related violence’s in the country. The destruction caused by firearms in school shootings and the public at large has enraged many and led to calls for tighter gun control measures. The government has responded to this by imposing gun regulation, a move that has greatly angered gun control opponents. This paper will argue that the US government does not have any right to control guns and as such, it should respect the second amendment and stop t aking up measures to impose gun control on its citizens. Why Gun Control Should Be Abolished Gun control is an infringement upon the basic rights of the Americans to possess firearms. This right is explicitly protected by the Second Amendment, which states, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed (Barnett 265). By trying to impose gun control measures in the country, the government is going against the constitution. Considering that the government is required to uphold the constitution at all times, gun control measures are essentially unlawful. Advocates of gun control argue that the Second Amendment cannot be used to justify an individuals right to own firearms since this right was conditioned on service in an organized militia. This advocates state that the individual’s right to bear arms was tied to a military context and citizens were only empowered to have guns in readiness to serve when called to duty. Legal scholars refute this claim by st ating that the Second Amendment protected the right of the individual to possess firearms. Barnett states that even at the time of the making of the Second Amendment, the term bear arms did not have an exclusively military connotation; the term was also used to connote purely private use of arms (244). Therefore, the right of individuals to have fire guns in the present era is still protected by the US constitution. The control of bullets or even the ban of assault rifles will not prevent murderous people from engaging in killing. Domenech observes that most of the calls for stricter gun control measures come following tragic incidents like the mass killing of students in school by gun wielding individuals (25). Gun control proponents use tragedies of mass murders such as the Sandy Hook incident to make a case for further restrictions on the gun-owning rights of American citizens.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is in spite of the fact that there is no research data supporting the theory that gun possession increases the likelihood of mass murders taking place. Stricter gun control legislation will not prevent sad incidents like the Sandy Hook case which robbed 20 children and six adults of their lives since, as Domenech explains, no laws can make the murderously insane sane or remove their ability to destroy innocent lives (25). The government should try to identify the reasons for such incidents and take measures to avoid them from occurring in future. Blaming gun possession for action of deranged murderous is neglectful and it will only leave the public vulnerable to such attacks in the future. The ability of an individual to protect himself by having guns is reduced by having gun controls measures. Opponents of gun ownership hope to make it impossible for citizens to buy and have guns for self-protection. Most people invest in firearms so as to keep themselves and their loved ones safe. Domenech reveals that most handgun sales in the US are made to individuals who are interested in defending their homes (27). Strict gun control legislations will prevent many people from being able to acquire guns for this defensive purpose. It can be expected that the crime rates in the country will increase if individuals are barred from having guns. This is because guns have a deterrence effect on criminals who are discouraged from attacking homes where the owner has a gun. If criminals are not worried about being confronted by lethal legal weaponry by the person they intend to rob, crime rates will rise. Proponents of gun control argue that individuals with firearms still are attacked and even murdered by criminals. While this is true, it should not be used as the basis for denying people a right to protect themselves and increase their chances of fighting off criminals. The government should therefore stop all gun control since thes e measures have a negative impact on the safety of the citizens. Gun control will amount to an intrusion into the private lives of individuals by the government. As it is, the US has a gun culture that stretches back to centuries. This culture is connected to ideals such as individuality and liberty due to the deep relationships that guns have with the war for independence, which took place from 1775 to 1782 (Wolpert and Gimpel 244). Gun restrictions ignore the fact that guns have many legitimate users such as sporting and hunting. By imposing these laws, individuals are denied the right to enjoy their freedom to bear arms. Wolpert and Gimpel declare that by implementing gun control measures, the government is using coercive power to directly shape individual conduct (241). In a country that prides itself for having liberties for all its citizens, this government action should not be tolerated. The government should respect the privacy of its citizens and allow them to have firearms if they want to.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Argument against Gun Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion This paper set out to argue that gun control is an infringement upon the most basic of rights or American citizens and the government should not be empowered to control guns. The paper began by nothing that gun control measures are a violation of the constitutional rights of the American citizens. While these measures are mostly demanded to try to reduce incidents of gun related violence, research indicates that possession of guns by citizens does not reduce violence since people who intend to commit murder will still find a way to engage in these acts. Gun control also prevents people from engaging in legitimate personal activity such as hunting and protecting themselves form assailants. By stopping its attempts at gun control, the government will not only be upholding the constitutional rig hts of its citizens but it will also ensure that the citizens are able to enjoy the benefits that firearms bring to the individual and the society at large. Barnett, Randy. â€Å"Was the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Conditioned on Service in an Organized Militia?†. Texas Law Review 83.1 (2004): 237-277. Web. Domenech, Benjamin. â€Å"The Truth about Mass Shootings and Gun Control†. Commentary 135.2 (2013): 25-29. Web. Wolpert, Robin, and Gimpel James. â€Å"Self-interest, symbolic politics, and public attitudes towards gun control†. Political Behavior 20.3 (1998): 241-262. Web.

Boeing 727 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Boeing 727 - Research Paper Example The company stopped its manufacturing in the year 1984 after the introduction of more sophisticated aircrafts. The total aircrafts so far produced were around 1832. The record sales of Boeing 727 jet airliner had broken all previous records of commercial sales (Connors, 2010). Boeing 727 had the privilege to become the best selling airline in the history of aviation. Although Boeing 737 has crossed the sales ever recorded, but Boeing 727 holds a permanent place in the history of aviation as one of the most significant airplanes whose role in the development of Global Transportation System is unforgettable (Connors, 2010). Apart from domestic medium range flights, Boeing 727 created a niche the world over and fame amongst the international passenger airliners. The range of flights, the airliner could cover with additional third engine meant that Boeing 727 proved efficient service concerning short and medium range international flights in many areas around the globe. Prior to its oper ations, four engine jet airliners were required for crossing the oceans (Connors, 2010). One can gauge its performance capabilities with the factor that 727 were used as cargo airlines and charter airlines with famous service providers thus found a secondary market. Take the example of FedEx, the largest courier service of the world, introduced this fleet in the year 1978. This has played a vital role in the business of FedEx until its replacement with Boeing 757 for their courier service due to promulgation of noise regulations in the United States of America. For decades, Boeing was considered as workhorse by the major cargo airliners. However, services of Boeing 727 are still available for passengers in those countries, where noise regulations have not been introduced so far (Eden, 2008). Further, Boeing 727 proved to be a popular airliner, which serves on the airports, having lightly improved runways. Others used it to transport passengers to picnic resorts and cruise and vice v ersa. Carnival Cruise Lines is the best example of using 727 and 737 to transport their passengers to cities who took abode on their ships. Nowadays, Con Air, currently using in place of 727 aircrafts to transport prisoners to and from prisons, detaining centers, courts and other places where they are required to be transported (Eden, 2008). In the year 1971, some structural changes have taken place to enhance by placing therein more powerful engine, extended fuel capacity in its latest feature of Boeing 727-200. This had improved its range capability, efficient runway performance with a new wide body look (Norris & Wagner, 1999). This has further improved by inserting another gross weight boost from its minimum 77,122 kg to maximum 86,600 kg. In the year 1972, it has further increased to 208,000 together with the purchase of three heavy weights. The highest gross weight of 727 was raised to the level of 95,300 kg (Norris & Wagner, 1999). Boeing 727 was declared as one of the best s elling commercial airliners in the history of airline in 1972. In the year 1983, orders reached up to the mark of 1,831. With the passage of time, the Boeing 737 surpassed all the previous records it made, nevertheless 727 still holds a dominant place in the history of aviation. The most significant role played by this airliner created a lasting impression in the promotion of aviation business (Connors, 2010). Boeing 727 aircrafts

Crucial Functions in a Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crucial Functions in a Business - Term Paper Example ic?, Indihar and Kovac?ic?, 2008). Administrators are involved in a wide range of activities related to budgeting and monitoring to recruitment of the new staff. Some of the routine administrative tasks involve opening mails, sending emails ands faxes as well as filing. In addition to the routine activities, other obligations require application of expertise and creativity such as staff meetings, arranging travel and important assignments, researching information and arranging crucial events such as sale conferences or interviews. The administration function is also involved in purchasing new hardware for the business and handling external customers who rate the business on the manner in which their inquiries are handled. Inefficient administration function is disastrous to the reputation as well as the company’s image. Issues such as lost orders, miscommunication of the messages, wrongly typed letters and wrong scheduling of meetings or interview may lead to loss of customers . Effective administration enables the management to concentrate on other roles necessary for business growth. Finance Function According to Finch (2010), the finance function is the most crucial segment of a business enterprise. This is because all departments in a business enterprise require financial resources for them to thrive. The staffs serving under the function records the financial inflow and outflow to enable the business managers identify the amount of profit that each department is making and be updated on the amount of money currently at the disposal of the business. This enhances accuracy in financial decisions as the information that is used is accurate and credible. Some of the roles of the finance department include production of invoices, confirming the receipt of payments, following up on overdue payments, financial recording, paying for the received orders, production of the annual statutory requirements, and preparation of payrolls as well as payment of salarie s. The finance function is also involved in roles requiring expertise and skills such as monitoring of the departmental budgets in ensuring that the departmental heads are not mismanaging funds, regular issuance of departmental budgets, and production of regular financial reports for the managers as well as playing an advisory role to the senior managers on financial issues. Role of the Manager in Administrative and Financial Functions of a Business Role of Managers in the Administrative Function The administrative manager has a responsibility of overseeing the overall work performance of a business organization. The administrative duties of a manager include communicating the wishes of superior workers to the employees to ensure that the business plans function according to the plan. Hron (2001) asserts that the manager is obligated to make decisions through analysis of various situations and deciding on the most appropriate course of action. The manager will also be bound towards instilling discipline and coaching employees to improve their competency, improve their performance and eliminate those that do not contribute in helping the organization achieve its goals. The manager should also understand the selection and recruitment procedures required for choosing the most appropriate candidates for different roles within the organization. The manager colludes with the administrators in delegation of accounting, payroll and paperwork. Other essential administrative roles of a manager include application of the information systems in enhancing output and ensuring that the office environment is suitable for performance as well as provision of adequate support to other managers and departments. Role of Managers

Working Women and Stress

Working Women and Stress Gender-specific work stress factors, such as sex discrimination and balancing work and family demands, may have an effect on women workers above and beyond the impact of general job stressors such as job overload and skill under-utilization. Discriminatory barriers to financial and career advancement have been linked to more frequent physical and psychological symptoms and more frequent visits to the doctor. The most effective way of reducing work stress is through organizational change in the workplace. This holds true for reducing work stress in female and male workers alike. Workplaces that actively discourage sexual discrimination and harassment, and promote family-friendly policies, appear to foster worker loyalty and attachment regardless of gender, studies indicate. Organizational changes effective for reducing job stress among women workers include expanding promotion and career ladders, introducing family-support programs and policies, and enforcing policies against sex discrimination and sexual harassment. 2.28 The article Women in Construction: Occupational Health and Working Conditions, finds that: Women may receive less on-the-job safety mentoring than men from supervisors and co-workers. This can create a potentially dangerous cycle in which tradeswomen are asked to do jobs for which they are not properly trained, then are injured when they do them or are seen as incompetent when they are unable to do them. Women in construction have reported harassment and verbal abuse by co-workers and isolation on the job severe enough that some women have looked for other employment. Patterns of work-related construction fatalities differ for men and women. For example, women construction laborers are at higher risk than male laborers of death from motor vehicle injuries, but less likely to be at risk of death from falls, machinery related injuries, or being struck by objects. Further research is needed to determine why these differences exist.(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html) (14) 2.29 In one study relating to MSDs, NIOSH worked with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to examine interventions for reducing discomfort among IRS data entry workers, the majority of whom are female. NIOSH found that periodic rest breaks throughout the work shift reduced musculoskeletal discomfort, while allowing workers to maintain job performance. (15) 2.30 According to NIOSH ,Stress at work is another issue of concern., stress at work is a growing problem for all workers, including women. In one survey, 60 percent of employed women cited stress as their number one problem at work. Furthermore, levels of stress-related illness are nearly twice as high for women as for men. Many job conditions contribute to stress among women, according to NIOSH. Such job conditions include heavy workload demands; little control over work; role ambiguity and conflict; job insecurity; poor relationships with coworkers and supervisors; and work that is narrow, repetitive, and monotonous. (16) -2.31 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine(2005) show Health care expenditures are nearly 50% greater for workers who report high levels of stress. 2.32 Encyclopaedia of Occupational Safety and Health (2001) with title Job Stress and Health: What the Research Tells Us; 2.32.1Cardiovascular Disease Many studies suggest that psychologically demanding jobs that allow employees little control over the work process increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. 2.32.2Musculoskeletal Disorders On the basis of research by NIOSH and many other organizations, it is widely believed that job stress increases the risk for development of back and upper- extremity musculoskeletal disorders. 2.32.3Psychological Disorders Several studies suggest that differences in rates of mental health problems (such as depression and burnout) for various occupations are due partly to differences in job stress levels. (Economic and lifestyle differences between occupations may also contribute to some of these problems.) 2.32.4Workplace Injury Although more study is needed, there is a growing concern that stressful working conditions interfere with safe work practices and set the stage for injuries at work. 2.32.5Suicide, Cancer, Ulcers, and Impaired Immune Function Some studies suggest a relationship between stressful working conditions and these health problems. However, more research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn- 2.33 NIOSH(2001) research has identified organizational characteristics with title Stress, Health, and Productivity Some employers assume that stressful working conditions are a necessary evil-that companies must turn up the pressure on workers and set aside health concerns to remain productive and profitable in todays economy. But research findings challenge this belief. Studies show that stressful working conditions are actually associated with increased absenteeism, tardiness, and intentions by workers to quit their jobs-all of which have a negative effect on the bottom line. Recent studies of so-called healthy organizations suggest that policies benefiting worker health also benefit the bottom line. A healthy organization is defined as one that has low rates of illness, injury, and disability in its workforce and is also competitive in the marketplace. NIOSH research has identified organizational characteristics associated with both healthy, low-stress work and high levels of productivity. Examples of these characteristics include the following: Recognition of employees for good work performance Opportunities for career development An organizational culture that values the individual worker Management actions that are consistent with organizational values(19) 2.34 St. Paul Fire and Marin(2007) Insurance Company conducted several studies on the effects of stress prevention programs in hospital settings.(Journal of Applied Psychology) one with title Stress Prevention and Job Performance Program activities included (1) employee and management education on job stress, (2) changes in hospital policies and procedures to reduce organizational sources of stress, and (3) establishment of employee assistance programs. 2.34.1 In one study, the frequency of medication errors declined by 50% after prevention activities were implemented in a 700-bed hospital. In a second study, there was a 70% reduction in malpractice claims in 22 hospitals that implemented stress prevention activities. In contrast, there was no reduction in claims in a matched group of 22 hospitals that did not implement stress prevention activities. 2.35 According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics(2004), workers who must take time off work because of stress, anxiety, or a related disorder will be off the job for about 20 days. 2.36 Northwestern National Life Insurance(1992), Minneapolis, 1992, as reported in Work in America, Vol. 17, No. 6, June 1992.] Employee burnout: Causes and cures, Part 1: Employee stress levels, GENDER WORK AND STRESS In a survey carried out in 1992 of nearly 1,300 full-time employees in a random sample of private companies in the United States, it was found that gender, among other factors (the level of the employee in the organization, income, occupation and family situation), accounted for differences in job stress at the workplace. The survey found that stress affects women more than men, and that they are significantly more likely to report burnout, stress-related illnesses or a desire to resign from their jobs. The researchers suggested several reasons for this. In the first place, women are often paid less than men for their work, even if they have college degrees. Many organizations also lack policies which respond to family issues. Single women with children, along with low-paid college graduates, are at highest risk of burnout. Some 50 per cent of single women with children reported burnout, compared to 31 per cent of married women with children. [ 2.37 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2001)reported these figures in Research on work-related stress, The following are recent estimates which related to the cost of work-related stress: In the United Kingdom, it has been suggested that over 40 million working days are lost each year due to stress-related disorders; In Australia, the Federal Assistant Minister for Industrial relations estimated the cost of occupational stress to be around A$30 million in 1994; In the United States, over half of the 550 million working days lost each year due to absenteeism are stress-related. 2.38 Several recent studies by ILO(2004) have highlighted the links between work-related stress, violence at work, the abuse of drugs and alcohol and tobacco consumption. These studies tend to suggest that stress at work plays an important role in the development of negative individual and organizational factors and forms a common element linking working conditions, substance abuse and violent acts. There appears to be a significant correlation between difficulties in relaxing after work and negative emotions such as fear, helplessness and failure. Stressful work may contribute to the development of a desire among workers to reduce tension by drinking, using drugs and other harmful substances. Alienating work has negative consequences for the development of a healthy human personality and can result in a range of problematic behaviours at the individual level, which may include the destructive use of alcohol and other substances, as well as depression and a deterioration in normal affective life. Stressful conditions may also constitute an antecedent to an episode of workplace violence. (ILO) (http//www.ilo.org/public/English/safework/index.htm). $2.39 University of utara(2004), Malaysia, school of accounting, Report on job stress among professional accountants working in selected public firms, a Malaysia case, replicates and extends earlier studies on job stress in public accounting conducted in UK and Britain. It is done through an extensive review of literature on job stress and field study using the same questionnaire utilized in the earlier two studies with a little modification to suit Malaysian context. The study seeks answers to what may be the sources of stress. Psychological outcomes and moderators of the stressful situation in selected public accounting firms and whether there exist significant linear relationship between job stressors and mental strains. Further more, it attempts to find out whether different from sizes, functional areas and position levels differ significantly in the stressors confronted and strains experienced by public accountants. The finding indicates that stressors faced by most respondents are quantitative workload, variations in workload, responsibilities for persons and travel, very few reports confronting role conflict and role ambiguity. As for the mental strains, respondent do not show that they are experiencing any except for job and workload dissatisfactions and pay inequity. It is also found that more than 10 percent of the respondents feel that they have job autonomy and that they do not possess the type A personality traits. (24) 2.40 A research report in Saudi Medical Journal , (2003) titled Job satisfaction and organizational commitment for nurses found that nurses in public hospitals are slightly satisfied and committed to their hospitals. Besides, satisfied nurses tend to have a higher degree of commitment than less satisfied ones. 2.41 A report in journal of health(2003) with title stress and suicide in nurses revealed that the relation between stress and suicide remained U shaped.when the job stress and home stress are combined,five fold increase in risk of suicide among women occurs.risk of suicide among high stress women is more compare to low stress experience by women. 2.42 School of Health Science (2002), Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden entitled The stress experience of nursing staff in intensive care therapy, concludes that stress contains amongst other the element of moral there is shortage of nurses in the health care and organisational structure too impede nursing performance to avoid the negative consequences of stress for nurses moral support is required. In ICU stress and complex situation are common for all nurses, the stress implication are sometime ethical issues, morbidity and burn out, the report revealed. 2.43 Queensland University of Technology(2002), thesis with the title THE INFLUENCE OF WORK STRESS AND WORK SUPPORT ON BURNOUT IN PUBLIC HOSPITAL NURSES states that Australian nurses reported low to moderate levels of work stress, moderate levels of work support and moderately high levels of burnout. Work stressors, were the main predictors of Emotional Exhaustion, Conflic. Changes in the objective conditions at work have had major implications for nurses subjective experiences of work, with increasing numbers of nurses feeling stressed and as a consequence, are opting to work part-time or leave the profession . 2.44 HSJ HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL (2005), REPORT CARRYING THE TITLE FACTORS INFLUENCING STRESS AND JOB SATISFACTION OF NURSES WORKING IN PSYCHIATRIC UNITS A strong negative relationship was found between clinical leadership, inter-professional collaboration, and stress and job satisfaction. Although a positive relationship between clinical leadership and nurses job satisfaction was found, the association between clinical leadership and quality of inter-professional collaboration is unclear. The association between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, a positive but weak relationship was revealed between the clinical leadership and the quality of relationships amongst nurses. Organisational issues, lack of nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses stress emerged as mediating variables between stress and job satisfaction. A hypothetical model of the relationships between these variables is presented for testing at a future study. 2.45 A research study by Deptt of medicine (2006). University of Ottawa, enitiled, prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction The findings are that medical personnel are experiencing burnout and high levels of stress and that large numbers are considering leaving or decreasing their work hours. This is an important finding for the cancer care system, where highly trained and experienced health care workers are already in short supply. 2.46 A research paper, School of Health Care Practice 2006, Anglia Polytechnic University, Chelmsford, Essex(2009), UK, entitled Workplace stress in nursing: a literature review,finds . Workload, management style, professional conflict and emotional cost of caring and leadership style, lack of reward and shift working are the main sources of stress for nurses for many years. Stress management programe should concentrate on stress prevention as well as how organization should takle this vital issue. 2.47 The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout(2005), a Research Paper with title OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS,concludes that The Weiman Occupational Stress Scale, introduced in 1978, is designed to measure perceived levels of occupational stress. The mental health counselors involved in completing the survey instruments scored an average of 2.57 on a five point scale, with past administrations of the Weiman Occupational Stress Scale having yielded a baseline score of 2.25. The mental health counselors in this study scored on average 13% higher than the calculated WOSS baseline. employees in publicly funded institutions (Winnebago Mental Health) experience greater perceived work stress than those counselors in privately funded clinics. 2.48 Research survey conducted by Carol Brewer(2000) has shown that new nurses face considerable professional stress and would benefit from improved nursing management Newly licensed nurses considered their jobs difficult, and they worked long hours: 51 percent worked voluntary overtime, 13 percent mandatory overtime. Sixty-one percent were assigned to nights, evenings or rotating shifts. Nearly two-thirds 62.78 percent said their work interfered with family life on at least four days a month, according to the results. Survey participants also reported a somewhat hazardous working environment: a quarter of respondents sustained at least one needle-stick in a year; 39 percent at least one strain or sprain; 21 percent a cut or laceration, 46 percent a bruise or contusion, and 62 percent reported experiencing verbal abuse on the job. A quarter found it difficult or impossible to do their jobs at least once a week due to inadequate supplies, the study showed. 2.49 An Exploration study of Job Stressors of Clinical Nursing Instructors in Taiwan(2001) found that clinical nursing instructors work-related stressors include inadequate role occupancy, increasing work demands, deficient role preparedness, lowered role control, insufficient role support, and role bargain. When a clinical instructor with lowered role control experiences more stressors, the situation of role stress will deteriorate. Role support and role bargain are the buffers of work-related stress to adapt clinical instructors for the rapidly changing educational and medical environment. Consequently, adequate role credibility for role occupancy is a necessary strategy for reducing clinical instructors work-related strain during organizational rapid change. 2.50 European Journal(2005) of Social Sciences ,article entitled Link between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction,Show that there is a significant negative relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. According to Stamps Piedmonte (1986) job satisfaction has been found significant relationship with job stress. One study of general practitioners in England identified four job stressors that were predictive of job dissatisfaction (Cooper, et al., 1989). In other study, Vinokur-Kaplan (1991) stated that organization factors such as workload and working condition were negatively related with job satisfaction. Fletcher Payne (1980) identified that a lack of satisfaction can be a source of stress, while high satisfaction can alleviate the effects of stress. This study reveals that, both of job stress and job satisfaction were found to be interrelated. The study of Landsbergis (1988) and Terry et al. (1993) showed that high levels of work stress are associated with low levels of job satisfaction. Moreover, Cummins (1990) have emphasized that job stressors are predictive of job dissatisfaction and greater propensity to leave the organization. Sheena et al. (2005) studied in UK found that there are some occupations that are reporting worse than average scores on each of the factors such as physical health, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction. The relationship between variables can be very important to academician. If a definite link exists between two variables, it could be possible for a academician to provide intervention in order to increase the level of one of the variables in hope that the intervention will also improve the other variable as well (Koslowsky, et al., 1995). 2.51 A Study of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among University Staff in Malaysia a research article(2007) investigates the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. Inverse relationship exist between job stress and job satisfaction The determinants of job stress that have been examined under this study include, management role, relationship with others, workload pressure, homework interface, role ambiguity, and role conflict. 2.5 Faculty of Education(2001),University of Ibadan, article, Effects of Job Stress ,states that stress has negative effect on health, physical and mental,work behaviour,and performance,satisfavtion level. 2.53 Heavy workloads, difficult students and lack of resources are stressing out Australian teachers(1999). Many also experience stress from increasing violence and bullying. In one recent year, 274 teachers in Victoria were either assaulted or threatened by students and another 70 were attacked by colleagues. Over the past five years , 910 teachers in Victoria and 1150 teachers in New South Wales have filed worker compensation claims for anxiety,depression,nervous breakdown and other stress related symptom. Union leaders say these figures are just the tip of the iceberg: Teacher are very reluctant to proceed with those claims because it just adds another problem and additional stress, explains Australian education union president John Gregory Teaching in Australia may be stressful, but the profession seems to be under siege in the Uk , Janice Howell a primary school teacher in Newport (South Wales)is one of the casualties. She initially had the assistance of an English language teacher but that teacher took long-term leave with no replacement. Unable to cope with 28 kids, 11 of them with learning or behavioral difficulties, Howell had a nervous breakdown. After recovering several months later, Howell complained to the school about the intolerable stress. Rather than providing support, the school added two more troubled kids to Howells class. One student, new to Wales, ran away one morning and was seen playing near dangerous mudflats. Although he was taken home safely, no one told Howell until the end of the day. This led to Howells second breakdown, ending her career. From being a confident, well adjusted teacher who enjoyed her job I became depressed and dysfunctional, says Howell for the first time in my life I did not want to go to work. It got to the stage that I was physically unable to enter the classroom.(DD) 2.54 Nebuo Miuro (1999) quoted in the book about stress that employees are under a lot of pressure from his employer to get a new restaurant ready for its launch. The interiors fitter from Tokyo worked late, sometimes until 4.30 in the morning. After one such marathon, Miuro caught a few hour sleep, then return for another long day. But he didnt get very far. The 47 year old suddenly took ill and keeled over while picking up his hammer and nails. He died a week later. The corners verdict was that Miuro died of Karoshi_death by overwork. Karoshi accounts for nearly 10000 deaths each year in Japan. Research indicates that long work hours cause an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, poor eating habits, lack of physical exercise and sleeplessness. This result in weight gain, which, along with stressful working conditions, damages the cardiovascular system and leads to strokes and heart attacks. Karoshi came to the public spotlight in the 1970s when Japans economy was booming, but the countrys current recession is making matters worse.companies are laying off employees and loading the extra work onto those who remain. Performance based expectations are replacing life qtime employment guarantees, putting further pressure on employees to work long hours. Many also blame Japans samurai spirit culture which idolizes long work hours as the ultimate symbol of company loyalty and personal fortitude. Being exhausted is considered a virtue explains a Japanese psychiatrist. So far, only 17 percent of Japanese companies offer over stressed employees some form of counseling. However the Japanese Government has launched an advertising campaign encouraging people to call a Karoshi hotline for anonymous help. The families of deceased workaholics , including Nobuo Mauros relatives are also taking action by suing the employers for lack of due care.(dd) 2.55 A report (2001) entitled Job Stress and Burnout Among Canadian Managers and Nurses: examined the relationship of job stress with burnout and its three dimensions (emotional exhaustion, lack of accomplishment and depersonalization), job satisfaction, organizational commitment and psychosomatic, health problems. Job stress was significantly correlated with overall burnout and its three dimensions and job satisfaction in both samples. In the nursing sample, job stress was also significantly correlated with psychosomatic health problems and organizational commitment. Moderated multiple regressions only marginally supported the role of gender as a moderator of stress-burnout relationship. 2.56An articl (2001) on Occupational stress experienced by male and female employees indicate that there are statistically significant differences in the stress levels of employees based on their gender. With females experiences more stress then male. And physical conditions are considered as a most stressful factor for females. Male experiences less stress with physical conditions. Women were found to experience more stress then male. They are more affected by physical conditions such as noise, lightning etc Top of Form 2.57 Journal of Managerial Psychology(2006), report on Occupational stress in different organizations , a Saudi Arabian survey(2006) The main source of stress for employees working in private organizations is the lack of knowledge about their performance evaluation results, while this is not the case for employees working in public organizations; Saudi employees have the highest levels of stress, with Arabs second, Asians third, while Westerners (Europeans and North Americans) registered the lowest levels of stress; employees who are less than 30 years old experience the highest levels of stress; employees with six-to-ten years of experience show the highest levels of stress; and there is a significant inverse relationship between educational level and stress level. Top of Form Bottom of Form 2.58 An article on Occupational stress and depression in Korean employees (2001). Inadequate social support and discomfort in occupational climate is a better predictorof depressive symptoms than organizational injustice in Korea, indicates that the newlydeveloped KOSS has cultural relevance for assessing occupational stress in Korea. 2.59 Department of Psychology Applied Psychology research study(2008) University of the Punjab, OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE, indicated Workload, co-workers and repetitive work are identified as the major factors causing stress. It is concluded that there is moderate level of stress with significant difference in different departments however affect of stress is found on job performance in the selected organization. 2.60 About Occupational Stress and Employee Control (1992) Industrial psychologists discovered that how much latitude employees have at work their control over job-related decisions affects their health, their morale and their ability to handle their workload. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham (1976) reportedthat control (in terms of job-provided autonomy) enhanced motivation and growth in blue collar, white collar and professional positions. Then, in 1979, Robert Karasek(1979) found that workers whose jobs rated high in job demands yet low in employee control (as measured by latitude over decisions) reported significantly more exhaustion after work, trouble awakening in the morning, depression, nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia or disturbed sleep than other workers. When workers facing high demands had more control, their stress was lower. This major insight into how occupational stressors affect health and well-being has led to ongoing improvements in the workplace. For example, many organizations have implemented programs designed to enhance employee control. 2.61 Colegio Oficial de Psic.logos (2007) s article OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND STATE OF HEALTH AMONG CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PSYCHIATRISTS revealed that the stress among mental health professionals (staff and trainees). Results showed that psychiatrists experienced less stress than their colleagues, and suggest specific associations between situational stressors and state of health. In particular, frustration in carrying out their work is linked to high levels of self-reported symptoms in psychologists. 2.62 A reprt presented by European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs, European Union (2007) states that work-related stress affects at least 40 million workers in its 15 Member States and that it costs the European Union approx. 20 billion annually. It is now widely acknowledged that stress at work is a very common problem and that it has a very high cost in terms of workers health, absenteeism and lower performance. 26% of workers who reported an injury or illness felt that they suffered from stress while at work in the last 12 months, and that this percentage rises 2.63 A Report titledEffects of Job Stress on Health, Personal and Work Behaviour of Nurses in Public Hospitals (2006), Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education,University of Ibadan, Nigeria,established that job stress has significant effect on physical and mental health of the nurses. It also established that there was a significant difference in personal and work behaviour of highly stressed nurses and less stressed nurses. Based on these findings,it was recommended that the government (Federal or State) and Hospital Management Boards should improve the welfare of the nurses. It was also recommended that their morale should be boosted by involving them in policy or decision-making concerning their welfare or care of their patients. Their salary should be reviewed and that they should be promoted as at when due. Work-home interference among nurses: reciprocal relationships with job demands and healt. The higher nurses job demands, the higher is their level of work-home interference and the more likely is a general health deterioration over time, in turn giving rise to higher job demands and work-home interference, which may even aggravate the nurses general health, and so on.( Research study by University of Ibadan, Nigeria 2006)